Internet & Home Networking: Prof. J. Won-Ki Hong

Internet & Home networking
Prof. J. Won-Ki Hong

jwkhong@postech.ac.kr
Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering
POSTECH
1
Internet & Home Networking
Contents
Data Communication Network
Internet & World Wide Web
Home Networking
Data Communication Network
Brief History of Computer Networks

1960s How can we transmit bits across a
communication medium efficiently and reliably?
1970s How can we transmit packets across a
communication medium efficiently and reliably?
1980s How can we provide communication
services across a series of interconnected
networks?
4
1990s How can we provide high-speed,

broadband communication services to support
high-performance computing and multimedia
applications across the globe?
2000's What do you think will dominate in the
next 10 years?
A Communication Model
Sender
Input
Information
m
Input
Device
Input data g
or signal
g(t)
Transmitted
signal
s(t)
Transmitter
Source System
Received
signal
r(t)
Output data g
or signal
g(t)
Transmission
medium
Receiver
6
Output
Information
m
Output
Device
Receiver
Destination System
Common Communication Tasks

Data encoding: the process of transforming input data or
signals into signals that can be transmitted
Signal generation: generating appropriate electromagnetic signals to be transmitted over a transmission
medium
Synchronization: timing of signals between the
transmitter and receiver ; when a signal begins and when
it ends; duration of each signal
7
Error detection and correction: ensuring that

transmission errors are detected and corrected
Flow control: ensuring that the source does not
overwhelm the destination by sending data faster than
the receiver can handle
Multiplexing: a technique used to make more efficient
use of a transmission facility. This technique is used at
different levels of communication
8
Addressing: indicating the identity of the intended

destination
Routing: selecting appropriate paths for data being
transmitted
Message formatting: conforming to the appropriate
format of the message to be exchanged
Security: ensuring secure message transmission
Systems management: configuring the system, monitoring
its status, reacting to failures and overloads, and planning
for future growth
9
Communication Network
A communication network is a collection of devices
connected by some communications media
Example devices are:
mainframes, minicomputers, supercomputers

workstations, personal computers
printers, disk servers, robots
X-terminals
Gateways, switches, routers, bridges
Cellular phone, Pager, TRS
Refrigerator, Television, Video Tape Recorder
10
Communications Media
twisted pairs
coaxial cables
line-of-sight transmission: lasers, infra-red, microwave,
radio
satellite links
fiber optics
Power line
11
Network Structures
Point-to-Point Networks
each communication line connects a pair of nodes
a packet (or message) is transmitted from one node to
another
intermediate nodes, in general, receive and store
entire packet and then forward to the next node
also called store-and-forward or pack-switched
some topologies: star, ring, tree
12
Broadcast Networks
have a single communication line shared by all
computers on the network
packets sent by a host are received by all computers
some topologies: bus, satellite, radio
13
Types of Communication Networks

Local Area Networks (LANs)
< a few km
high data transmission rate (at least several Mbps)
ownership usually by a single organization
e. g., Ethernet, IBM Token Ring, Token Bus, FDDI, Fast
Ethernet, ATM, Gigabit Ethernet
14
POSTECH LAN (1998.6)
15
POSTECH LAN (1999. 3)
16
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
up to 50 km
fibre optics is a popular technology for MANs
may be private or public
may involve a number of organizations
e.g., cable TV networks (CATV), ATM networks
17
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
a few km to thousands of km
point-to-point networks (also called long-haul networks)
lower data transmission rate than LANs
fiber optics is a popular technology for MANs ownership
usually by more than a single organization
e.g., ARPANET, MILNET (US military), CA*NET, NSFNET,
KREONET, BoraNet, KORNET, INET, Internet
18
Internet in Korea (1995.5)
19
Internet in Korea (1999.6)
20
Growth of Internet Users in Korea
21
Growth of Internet Hosts in Korea
22
Computer Communication Architecture

Computer Communication the exchange of
information between computers for the purpose of
cooperative action
Computer Network a collection of computers
interconnected via a communication network
23
Protocol agreement required between the

communication entities and consists of three
components:
Syntax: data format and signal levels
Semantics: control information for coordination and error
handling
Timing: speed matching and sequencing
Communications Architecture a structured set of

modules that implements the communication function
24
ISO-OSI Reference Model

International Standards Organization (ISO) Open
Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference model is a
framework for connecting computers on a network
Motivation?
to reduce the complexity of networking software
as a step towards international standardization of the various
protocols
25
The main principles applied to the OSI layered

architecture are
each layer represents a layer of abstraction,
each performs a set of well-defined functions,
implementation of a layer should not affect adjacent layers,
and inter-layer communication should be minimized
26
OSI Stack
OSI Stack
OSI Stack
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
27
Functions of the OSI Layers

1. Physical layer responsible for the electromechanical interface to the communications media
2. Data link layer responsible for transmission,
framing and error control over a single communications
link.
3. Network layer responsible for data transfer across
the network, independent of both the media comprising
the underlying subnetworks and the topology of those
subnetworks.
28
4.
Transport layer responsible for reliability and

multiplexing of data transfer across the network (over
and above that provided by the network layer) to the
level required by the application.
5. Session layer responsible for establishing,, and
managing sessions between cooperating applications.
6. Presentation layer responsible for providing
independence to the application process from
differences in data representation (syntax).
7. Application layer ultimately responsible for
managing the communications between applications.
29
How Communication Takes Place Between the Layers

communication takes place between peer entities.
a layer provides services to the layer above it.
services are available at SAPs (Service Access Points)
analogous to telephone numbers and street addresses
30
Relation Between Layers at an Interface

IDU
ICI
Layer N + 1
SDU
SAP
ICI
Interface
Layer N entities
exchange N-PDUs
in their layer N
Protocol
Layer N
SDU
SDU
SAP = Service Access Point
IDU = Interface Data Unit
SDU = Service Data Unit
PDU = Protocol Data Unit
ICI = Interface Control Information
Header
31
On the sending side:

a layer receives a PDU (Protocol Data Unit) from the layer
above it, with some ICI (Interface Control Information) (such
as address, data size, etc.).
the layer ads some PCI (Protocol control Information) to the
APDU and passes the enlarged PDU to the layer below along
with more ICI.
A layer may also fragment a PDU into several smaller pieces
to be passed separately to the layer below (in this case, the
peer entity at the receiving end will reassemble the fragments).
32
At the receiving end:

a layer receives a PDU from the layer below.
The layer strips off the PCI added by its peer, and passes the
PDU to the layer above it.
If the sending layer fragmented a PDU, its peer is responsible
for reassembling it before passing it up.
33
Other Communication Models

The Anarchistic Network Model
have been used mostly in PCs
The TCP/IP Model
only 5 layers exist
used mostly in Internet network applications
34
The Anarchistic
Network Model
The OSI Model
Application
Application
Presentation
Operatin
g System
The TCP/IP Model
Application
Session
Transport
Network
Transport
Controller
Data Link
Data Link
Physical
Physical
Physical
Network
the network
35
Communication Service Types

Connection-oriented service
modeled after the telephone system
must establish a connection before use, and terminates the
connection when finished.
FIFO guaranteed.
the path from the sender to receiver is fixed.
resources are pre-allocated at setup time
36
Connectionless service
modeled after the postal system
no connection required, but instead full addressing required in
each message
FIFO not guaranteed.
the path is not fixed
resources are dynamically allocated
37
Standards Organizations
ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union Telecommunications Sector) - formerly CCITT (International

Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee), a
committee within ITU, a United Nations agency, responsible
for X.25, X.21, X.400, X.500, X.700, X.900, etc.
ISO (International Standards Organization): ISO 8073
(connection-oriented transport protocol)
ANSI (American National Standard Institute)
IEEE (Inst. of Electrical and Electronics Engineers): IEEE 802
38
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force): TCP/IP, FTP, SNMP

W3C (World-Wide Web Consortium): HTTP, HTML, XML
ATMF (ATM Forum) - ATM related standards
TMF (TeleManagement Forum) - formerly known as NMF,
Network Management Forum
39
Internet and World Wide Web
40
History of the Internet

1969 - Researchers at four US campuses create the first hosts of the ARPANET
1971 - The ARPANET grows to 23 hosts connecting universities and research centers
1973 - The ARPANET goes international with connections to England and Norway
1982 - The term "Internet" is used for the first time and TCP/IP is created
1992 - Internet Society is chartered. World-Wide Web released by CERN.
41
Definitions
A network of networks
Based on TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol)
A variety of services and tools
42
Network of networks
a group of two or more networks that are :
interconnected physically
capable of communicating and sharing data with each
other
able to act together as a single network
virtually all of todays computers are connected via
Internet
43
Based on TCP/IP
TCP/IP enables the different types of machines on
separate networks to communicate and exchange
information.
TCP/IP is
A suite of protocols
Rules for sending and receiving data across networks
Addressing
Management and verification
44
Variety of services or tools

The Internet offer access to data, graphics, sound,
software, text, and people through a variety of
services and tools for communication and data
exchange
E-Mail
Usenet
FTP
Gopher
Telnet
World Wide Web
45
World Wide Web

A way to provide and access information resources on
the Internet
Using Web Browser & Web Server
Based on HTML and HTTP
Multimedia
Hypertext "links" can lead to other documents, sounds,
images, databases (like library catalogs), e-mail addresses, etc.
Non-Linear
There is no top, there is no bottom. Non-linear means you do
not have to follow a hierarchical path to information resources.
46
Web Browser
a piece of software that acts as an interface between the
user and the Internet, specifically the World Wide Web
The browser acts on behalf of the user. The browser:
contacts a web server and sends a request for information
receives the information and then displays it on the user's
computer
The browser can be graphical or text-based and can make

the Internet easier to use and more intuitive
The helper applications are automatically invoked by the
browser when a user selects a link to a resource that
requires them
A Web browser can be used on most of computers
47
Web Server
Also known as HTTP Server or HTTP Daemon
The repository of web pages of which types are HTML
and any application data with MIME type
Listens for HTTP requests from the web browsers,
serves those requests
Designed to communicate with web browsers using
HTTP protocol
Typically runs on general purpose computer
48
HTML
consists of standardized codes,or "tags", that are used
to define the structure of information on a web page
defines several aspects of a web page including heading
levels, bold, italics, images, paragraph breaks and
hypertext links to other resources.
a sub-language of SGML (Standard Generalized
Markup Language) that defines and standardizes the
structure of documents.
standardized and portable: A document that has been
prepared using HTML can be viewed using a variety of
web browsers, such as Netscape and Lynx
49
HTTP
the set of rules, or protocol, that governs the transfer of
hypertext between two or more computers.
Based on Client/Server paradigm
Convey variety of Internet resources: HTML documents,
text files, graphics, animation and sound
HTTP also provides access to other Internet protocols,
among them:
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)
etc.
50
URL
a standardized addressing scheme for Internet resources

used to link documents on the Internet
the browser knows where to go to get the document
basic format of an URL
type-of-resource:// domain.address:port/path/filename
ftp://ftp.postech.ac.kr/pub/welcome.txt
file:///C|/My Documents/resume.htm
news:han.protocol.http
telnet://vision.postech.ac.kr
http://www.postech.ac.kr/index.html
51
Home Networking
52
Definition
the collection of technologies and services that make
it possible to connect
PCs
Network devices
Appliances
Security equipment
53
Why now?
Building Internet into consumer products is now possible
Standardization has occurred
Costs are low
Low-cost, high-speed LAN and routers

Ethernet, IEEE 1394, Phone Wire, PLC, RF, etc.
Video rate networks - IEEE 1394,Gigabit Ethernet
Modem and broadband networking are becoming ubiquitous
Golden age of networking

54
Technology Enablers
ADSL and HFC (cable) networks
Enable broadband Internet to the home
LANs, power line carrier, phone line networks, and wireless

Enable ubiquitous connectivity
Internet connection sharing

Brings the Internet to everything in the home
The communications software infrastructure has been

determined:
The Web and TCP/IP

55
Analogous History
Single to multiple cars per family

One to multiple phones per household
Multiple phone lines per house
One to multiple TVs per house
MegaTrend: From one Internet

device per home to MANY
56
Roles for Home Networking

Data
Extension of current use of Internet by PDAs, tablets,
multiple PCs
Communications
Telephony, videophone, chat, conferencing
Entertainment
Games, TV, high-fidelity audio
Control
Lights, HVAC, security, appliances
57
Connecting Everything
Public networks
PSTN, Internet
Network
camera
HomePNA
Phone line network
Power line
network
Hub
Web
phone
Printer
IEEE 1394
HomeRF
Communications
and control
Camera
Entertainment
Center
Scanner
58
Challenges for deployment of home network

Ease of installation
There are no Net admins at home
Network configuration has to be automatic

Network health and recovery

59
Home Network Architecture

Public networks
PSTN, Internet
Internet
Connection
Sharing
End to end
broadband
New media support
Camera
Printer
60
Architecture for The Future

Leveraging Web technologies
Great standards exist today
IETF: TCP/IP, DNS, DHCP, HTTP, SSL, LDAP, IPSEC
W3C: HTML, XML
Great services exist today

Today: eCommerce, search
Early Stages: Internet audio/video,
IP Telephony - much like early 1950s TV
Billions of Web hits served daily
Internet exists and it works

61
TCP/IP and Web is the software infrastructure

Web is evolving
HTTP v1.1 for performance improvements
XML extends Web for software applications
Pages can now be simply data
Internet Explorer 5.0 has XML support
Easy to wrap existing programs/tools/systems in Web

Programming language neutral
Contents neutral
Operating system neutral
62
Web for Devices

Device or service
specific code
Application specific size
Embedded web
server
20 ~ 80K bytes code

30 ~ 90K gates on silicon
TCP/IP stack
30 ~ 90K bytes code

30 ~ 80K gates on silicon
Ethernet, 1394 or
PPP/async driver
Device specific size
63
Example Web Devices

Refrigerator PC: Sharewave
64
Example Web Devices

Internet-on-a-chip design from Toshiba Semiconductor
Features:
Network Stack - TCP, IP, UDP and PPP

General Sockets - 4 - Email - SMTP, POP3 and MIME
Web - HTTPv1.0 and HTMLv3.2 (text only)
Japanese and English character support
Interfaces:
CPU Interface (Generic 80x86 CPU Interface)

SRAM Interface
Physical Layer Interface (RS232C & parallel port)
Decoder Interface
65
Example Web device

Interactive TV from Spyglass
66
Example Web devices

Internet Router from POSTECH
67
Conclusion
68

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Internet & Home networking

Prof. J. Won-Ki Hong

Internet & Home Networking

Internet & Home Networking

Data Communication Network

Internet & Home Networking

Brief History of Computer Networks

Internet & Home Networking

1990s How can we provide high-speed,

Internet & Home Networking

Internet & Home Networking

Common Communication Tasks

Internet & Home Networking

Error detection and correction: ensuring that

Internet & Home Networking

Addressing: indicating the identity of the intended

Internet & Home Networking

mainframes, minicomputers, supercomputers

Internet & Home Networking

Internet & Home Networking

Internet & Home Networking

Internet & Home Networking

Types of Communication Networks

Internet & Home Networking

POSTECH LAN (1998.6)

Internet & Home Networking

POSTECH LAN (1999. 3)

Internet & Home Networking

Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)

Internet & Home Networking

Wide Area Networks (WANs)

Internet & Home Networking

Internet in Korea (1995.5)

Internet & Home Networking

Internet in Korea (1999.6)

Internet & Home Networking

Growth of Internet Users in Korea

Internet & Home Networking

Growth of Internet Hosts in Korea

Internet & Home Networking

Computer Communication Architecture

Internet & Home Networking

Protocol agreement required between the

Communications Architecture a structured set of

Internet & Home Networking

ISO-OSI Reference Model

Internet & Home Networking

The main principles applied to the OSI layered

Internet & Home Networking

Internet & Home Networking

Functions of the OSI Layers

Internet & Home Networking

Transport layer responsible for reliability and

Internet & Home Networking

How Communication Takes Place Between the Layers

Internet & Home Networking

Relation Between Layers at an Interface

Internet & Home Networking