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    S 1 o 3 Ancient Architecture

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    This document provides an overview of ancient architecture from various regions and time periods, including Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Mayan, and others. It describes key characteristics of architectural styles such as columns, materials used, and common building types. For each culture or era discussed, one or two defining features are highlighted, such as hieroglyphic decoration in Egypt, the true stone arch developed by the Etruscans, and ribbed vaults and pointed arches in Gothic architecture. References are provided for additional information.

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    S 1 o 3 Ancient Architecture

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    44 views32 pages
    This document provides an overview of ancient architecture from various regions and time periods, including Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Mayan, and others. It describes key characteristics of architectural styles such as columns, materials used, and common building types. For each culture or era discussed, one or two defining features are highlighted, such as hieroglyphic decoration in Egypt, the true stone arch developed by the Etruscans, and ribbed vaults and pointed arches in Gothic architecture. References are provided for additional information.

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    This document provides an overview of ancient architecture from various regions and time periods, including Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Mayan, and others. It describes key characteristics of architectural styles such as columns, materials used, and common building types. For each culture or era discussed, one or two defining features are highlighted, such as hieroglyphic decoration in Egypt, the true stone arch developed by the Etruscans, and ribbed vaults and pointed arches in Gothic architecture. References are provided for additional information.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    44 views32 pages

    S 1 o 3 Ancient Architecture

    Uploaded by

    white
    This document provides an overview of ancient architecture from various regions and time periods, including Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Mayan, and others. It describes key characteristics of architectural styles such as columns, materials used, and common building types. For each culture or era discussed, one or two defining features are highlighted, such as hieroglyphic decoration in Egypt, the true stone arch developed by the Etruscans, and ribbed vaults and pointed arches in Gothic architecture. References are provided for additional information.

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    of 32

    Ancient Architecture

    Interior Design II

    Egyptian
    3000 BC to Roman period

    Funerary Buildings

    Created for Monarchs &


    Nobles
    Stepped Design
    Granite, limestone, and
    sandstone - Both sun-dried
    and kiln-dried bricks were
    used extensively
    Hieroglyphics were
    decoration as well as
    records of historic events.

    Egyptian

    Temples

    Columns/Colonnades (post &


    lintel)
    First stone capital = papyrus
    flower
    Nile floods deposit fine clay,
    allowing ceramic arts to develop
    early
    Sandstone, limestone, & granite
    available for obelisks, sculpture,
    and decorative uses.
    Ramps build on the way up,
    decorate as its taken down

    Mesopotamia
    Babylon, Assyria, Persia

    Planned city building,


    cobblestone streets, and
    architecture itself have their
    beginnings here
    Mud brick on a raised plinth
    (platform base)
    Walls are ornamented on the
    outside with alternating
    pilasters and recesses
    Flat roofs, supported on palm
    trunks, (assumed)

    Ziggurat

    Mesopotamia

    Saddams Palace

    Ishtar Gate

    Greek

    The temple is the best known


    form of Greek architecture.
    These biggest and most
    beautiful buildings reflect the
    importance of religion.
    The political purpose - to
    celebrate civic power and
    pride.
    Beauty lies in ratios &
    proportions = The Golden
    Mean

    The Greeks developed three architectural systems,


    called orders, each with their own distinctive
    proportions and detailing.
    Doric

    The Doric style is sturdy


    and the capital is plain.
    This style was used in
    mainland Greece and the
    colonies in southern Italy
    and Sicily.

    Ionic

    The Ionic style is thinner


    and more elegant. Its
    capital is decorated with a
    scroll-like design (a
    volute). This style was
    found in eastern Greece
    and the islands.

    Corinthian

    The Corinthian style is


    seldom used in the
    Greek world, but often
    seen on Roman temples.
    Its capital is very
    elaborate and decorated
    with acanthus leaves.

    Greek

    Buildings were usually a


    cube or a rectangle made
    from limestone which was
    cut into large blocks.
    Marble was readily
    available. It was used
    mainly for sculptural
    decoration, only used as
    structural in the very
    grandest buildings of the
    Classical period.

    Etruscans
    700 B.C. 280 B.C. (Fall of Rome)

    Palaces, public buildings,


    and early temples made
    of wood and brick, so
    nothing remains.
    The Etruscans also built
    aqueducts, bridges, and
    sewers which were built
    so well they still exist
    today.

    Etruscan

    Etruscans are credited


    with the true stone
    arch
    Etruscan architecture
    was really the
    beginning of Roman
    architecture.

    Roman

    Roman art and


    architecture shaped by
    extensive borrowing, first
    from Etruscans, then from
    Greece.
    One architectural technique
    that came into use by
    experimentation was the
    arch and vault.

    Roman

    To support the
    tremendous weight of
    the arches, it was
    necessary to transmit
    the force of gravity from
    the top of massive piers
    to the foundation of the
    arch. The Romans
    achieved this feat
    through the use of the
    Keystone block.

    Roman

    Circular structures were


    common as well,
    exemplified by the
    Temple of Vesta, the
    Pantheon and the Castel
    Sant'Angelo.

    Roman

    The word "arena" is


    Latin for sand. Sand
    was spread across the
    amphitheater fighting
    floor to soak up blood.

    Early Christian

    Early Christian builders


    adapted structures that
    had long been used in the
    Hellenistic and Roman
    worlds. (recycled
    buildings)
    Adistinct emphasis was
    placed on the centralized
    plan, which was of round,
    polygonal, or cruciform
    shape.

    Early Christian

    Developed from Roman


    secular basilica
    Rectangular space
    separated by two rows
    of columns making a
    nave and two side
    aisles
    Separated clergy from
    congregation

    Byzantine

    A continuation of
    Roman and early
    Christian architecture.
    Eventually combined
    architecture of the
    near east, with the
    Greek cross plan for
    the churches.

    Byzantine

    Brick replaced stone,


    mosaics replaced
    carved decoration,
    and complex domes
    were erected.

    Ancient America - Mayan

    Monumental
    construction
    Buildings erected on
    platforms
    Upper walls decorated
    with continuous frieze
    Lime stucco painted
    vivid colors

    Mayan

    Every day dwellings were rectangular


    Two doorways were placed directly opposite
    each other to allow for the free flow of air.

    Romanesque

    Romanesque is
    characterized by a use of
    round or slightly pointed
    arches, barrel vaults,
    cruciform piers supporting
    vaults, and groin vaults.
    The great carved portals
    and church facades
    Stone sculpture seems
    reborn in the
    Romanesque.

    Romanesque

    Romanesque seems to have


    been the first pan-European
    style since Roman Imperial
    Architecture and examples
    are found in every part of the
    continent. Merchants,
    nobles, knights, artisans, and
    peasants crossed Europe
    and the Mediterranean world
    for business, war, and
    religious pilgrimages,
    carrying their knowledge of
    what buildings in different
    places looked like.

    Gothic

    Originating in northern
    France (Denis) in the
    twelfth century, Gothic
    spread rapidly across the
    continent and England,
    then invaded Scandinavia,
    confronted the Byzantine
    provinces.
    Made appearances, under
    the aegis of crusader and
    explorer in the Near East
    and the Americas.
    By 1400 it had subsumed
    many types of structures.

    Gothic

    There is no fixed set of


    proportions in the
    parts, and no standard
    relationship between
    solid and void. The
    result is a distortion.

    Gothic

    Light, open and aerial.


    Emphasizes verticality
    Features almost skeletal stone
    structures
    Great expanses of glass
    (stained)
    Sharply pointed spires
    Flying butresses
    Ribbed vaults
    Pointed arches
    Inventive sculptural detail

    Renaissance

    Rebirth of classical art


    and learning
    Classical orders,
    round arches, and
    symmetrical
    composition
    The golden mean

    Renaissance

    The ideals of art and


    architecture became unified in
    the acceptance of classical
    antiquity and in the belief that
    humanity was a measure of
    the universe.
    The rebirth of classical
    architecture, which took place
    in Italy in the 15th century and
    spread in the following century
    through Western Europe,
    terminated the supremacy of
    the Gothic style.

    Chinese

    Simple, rectangular,
    low-silhouetted
    buildings
    Stone and brick for
    permanent structures
    Wooden frameworks
    on platforms with
    nonbearing screen
    walls

    India

    All surviving architecture is


    stone
    Post and lintel, brackets
    and corbels
    Rhythmical multiplication
    of pilasters, cornices,
    moldings, roofs, and finials
    Overgrowth of sculpture
    decoration

    Japanese

    Exclusively timber
    Strong Chinese
    influence
    Pavilion structures
    with nonbearing walls
    Tiled, hipped roofs are
    widely projecting and
    upward turning.
    Garden

    References:

    http://architecture.about.com/library/bl-babylon.htm
    http://archnet.org/library/sites/
    www.earchinfo.com/architecture/egyptian.htm
    http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554529/Renaissance_Art_and_Arc
    hitecture.html
    http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/meso/meso.htm
    http://www.greatbuildings.com/
    http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/romans/architecture/etruscans.htm
    http://www.historylink101.com/lessons/art_history_lessons/greek_architectu
    re.htm
    http://www.lookeducation.com/ancient-architecture-mesopotamia.html
    http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/worlds_intertwined/etruscan/architectur
    e.shtml
    http://web.kyoto-inet.or.jp/org/orion/eng/hst/hist.html
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_architecture

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