PSOD
Lecture 2
MathCAD vectors and matrix
MathCAD vectors and matrix
Matrix operations
Multiply by constant
Matrix transpose [ctrl]+[1]
Inverse [^][-][1]
Matrix multiplying
Determinant
MathCAD vectors and matrix
To read the matrix elements Ar, k: key [[] rrow nr, k column nr
e.g. element A1,1 keys: [A][[][1][,][1][=]
To chose matrix column
First column A( A<0>):
keys [A][ctrl]+[6][0]
Default first column number is 0, (to change :
Math/Options/Array Origin)
MathCAD vectors and matrix
Calculations of dot product and cross
product of vectors
MathCAD vectors and matrix
Special definition of matrix elements as a
function of row-column number Mi,j=f(i,j)
E.g. Value of element is equal to product of
column and row number
Constrain: function
arguments have to
be integer
MathCAD 3D graphs
3D graphs of function on the base of matrix : [ctrl]
+[2] [M]
M matrix defined earlier
MathCAD 3D graphs
3D Graphs of function of real type
arguments
Using procedure: CreateMesh(function,
lb_v1, ub_v1, lb_v2, ub_v2, v1grid, v2grid)
Assign result to variable
Plot of the variable similarly to plot of
matrix ([ctrl]+[2])
Boundaries can be the real type numbers. (def. 5,5)
Grids have to be integer type numbers (def. 20)
MathCAD 3D graphs
MathCAD 3D graphs - formating
MathCAD 3D graphs formatting: fill options
MathCAD 3D graphs formatting: fill options
Contours colour
filled
MathCAD 3D graphs formatting: line options
MathCAD 3D graphs formatting: Lighting
MathCAD 3D graphs formatting: Fog and
perspective
MathCAD 3D graphs formatting: Backplane and
Grids
Predefined constants
e = 2,718 natural logarithm base
g = 9,81 m/s2 acceleration of gravity
= 3,142 circle perimeter/diameter ratio
MathCAD equation solving
Single equation (one unknown value)
1. Given-Find method
Input start point of variable
Type "Given"
Type equation with using [=] ([ctrl]+[=])
Type Find(variable)=
MathCAD equation solving
Given-Find solving methods
Linear (function of type c0x0 + c1x1 +...+ cnxn)
starting point do not affects on results, it only defines
size of matrix/vector of the solution.
Nonlinear according to nonlinear equation.
Obtained result could depend on starting point.
Available methods:
Conjugate Gradient
Quasi Newton
Levenberg-Marquardt
Quadratic
The choice of method is automatic by default.
User can choose method from the pop-up menu
over word Find.
MathCAD equation solving
Single equation (one unknown value)
2. Root procedure:
Root(function, variable, low_limit, up_limit)=
Values of function at the bounds must have different signs
or
MathCAD equation solving
Single equation (one unknown value)
2. Root procedure
methods:
1.
2.
Secant method
Mueller method (2nd order polynomial)
y1
x4 x2 y 2
x2
y3
x3
x5
x4
x2 x3
y 2 y3
x1
y2
xi 1 xi 1 yi 1
xi 1 xi
yi 1 yi
MathCAD equation solving
Single equation (one unknown value)
3. Special procedure: polyroots for the
polynomials. Argument of procedure is a
vector of polynomial coefficients (a0, a1...).
The result is a vector too.
Methods:
1. Laguerre's method
2. companion matrix
MathCAD, the system of equations solving
The system of linear equations
Solving on the base of matrix toolbar:
Prepare square matrix of equations coefficients
(A) and vector of free terms (B)
Do the operation x:=A-1B and show result: x=
Or
Use the procedure LSOLVE: lsolve(A,B)=
MathCAD, the system of equations solving
MathCAD, the system of equations solving
The system of nonlinear equation
Can be solved using given-find method
Assign starting values to variables
Type Given
Type the equations using = sign (bold)
Type Find(var1, var2,...)=
MathCAD, the system of equations solving
Ordinary differential equations
solving
Numerical methods:
Gives only values not function
Engineer usually needs values
There is no need to make complicated
transformations (e.g. variables separation)
Basic method implemented in MathCAD is
Runge-Kutta 4th order method.
Ordinary differential equations
solving
Numerical methods principle
Calculation involve bounded range of
independent variable only
Every point is being calculated on the base of
one or few points calculated before or given
starting points.
Independent variable is calculated using step:
xi+1 = x i + h = xi+x
Dependent value is calculated according to the
method
yi+1 = y i +y= y i +Ki
Ordinary differential equations
solving
Runge-Kutta 4th order method principles:
New point of the integral is calculated on the
base of one point (given/calculated earlier) and
4 intermediate values k hF x , y
1
1
1
k 2 hF xi h, yi k1
2
2
1
1
k3 hF xi h, yi k 2
2
2
k 4 hF xi h, yi k3
1
k1 2 k2 k3 k 4
6
yi 1 yi K O h 5
MathCAD differential equations
Single, first order differential equation
dy
f ( x, y )
dx
Initial
condition
x x0 , y x x0 y0
1. Assign the initial value of dependent variable
(optionally)
2. Define the derivative function
3. Assign to the new variable the integrating function
rkfixed:
R:=rkfixed(init_v, low_bound, up_bound, num_seg, function)
MathCAD differential equations
4. Result is matrix (table) of two columns: first
contain independent values second dependent ones
x0
y1, 0
x1
R x2
...
x
N
y1,1
y1, 2
...
y1, N
5. To show result as a plot: R<1>@R<0>
MathCAD differential equations
MathCAD differential equations
System of first order differential equations
dy0
f
x
,
y
,
y
0
1
dx
dy1 f x, y , y
0
1
dx
x x0
y0 xx0 y
0
0
y1xx0 y
0
1
1. Assign the vector of initial conditions of dependent
variables (starting vector)
2. Define the vector function of derivatives (right-hand
sides of equations)
3. Assign to the variable function rkfixed:
R:=rkfixed(init_vect, low_bound, up_bound, num_seg, function)
MathCAD differential equations
4. Result is matrix (table) of three columns:
first contain independent values, 2nd first
dependent values, third second ones :
x0 y1,0 y2,0
x1 y1,1 y2,1
R x2 y1, 2 y2, 2
...
... ...
x
y
y
1, N
2, N
N
5. Results as a plot: R<1>,R<2>@ R<0>
MathCAD differential equations
x x0
y0 xx y00
0
y1xx y10
0
MathCAD differential equations
Single second order equation
2
d y
dy
f x, y ,
2
dx
dx
Initial
condition
x x0 , y x x0 y0
dy
dx
y0
x x0
1. Transform the second order equation to the
system of two first order equations:
y z0 ,
dy dz0
z1 ,
dx dx
dz0
dx z1
dz1 f x, z , z
0
1
dx
d 2 y dz1
2
dx
dx
x x0
z0 xx0 z00
z1x x0 z10
MathCAD differential equations
Example:
Solve the second order differential equation
(calculate: values of function and its first
derivatives) given by equation:
d2y
2
x
3 y y
2
dx
While y=10 and y=-1 for x=0
In the range of x=<0,1>
MathCAD differential equations
System of equations
Starting vector
Vectoral function
