6 Centrifugal Pump Performance Six

Centrifugal
Pump
Performance
Prof. Dr. Eng. Maher
Higazy
Prof. Maher Higaz
Centrifugal Pump Performance
Pump arrangement
Prof. Maher Higazy
Pump bypass
Prof. Maher Higazy
Pumps connection for series and parallel

operation
Prof. Maher Higazy
Typical pump characteristics backward

curved-vanes
Prof. Maher Higazy
The Affinity Laws

The Affinity Laws are mathematical expressions that
define changes in pump capacity, head, and BHP
when a change is made to pump speed, impeller
diameter, or both. According to Affinity Laws:
Capacity, Q changes in direct proportion to impeller
diameter D ratio, or to speed N ratio:
Q2 = Q1 x [D2/D1]3
Q2 = Q1 x [N2/N1]
Head, H changes in direct proportion to the square
of impeller diameter D ratio, or the square of speed
N ratio:
H2 = H1 x [D2/D1]2
H2 = H1 x [N2/N1]2
Prof. Maher Higazy
(contd)
BHP changes in direct proportion to the cube
of impeller diameter ratio, or the cube of speed
ratio:
BHP2 = BHP1 x [D2/D1]5
BHP2 = BHP1 x [N2/N1]3
Where the subscript: 1 refers to initial
condition, 2 refer to new condition
If changes are made to both impeller diameter
and pump speed the equations can be
combined to:
Prof. Maher Higazy
Q2 = Q1 x [(D2/D1)3 x (N2/N1)]
H2 = H1 x [(D2xN2) / (D1xN1)]2
BHP2 = BHP1 x [(D2/D1)5 x (N2/N1)3]
This equation is used to hand-calculate the
impeller trim diameter from a given pump
performance curve at a bigger diameter.
The Affinity Laws are valid only under
conditions of constant efficiency.
Prof. Maher Higazy
Understanding Centrifugal Pump

Performance Curves
The capacity and pressure needs of any system
can be defined with the help of a graph called a
system curve. Similarly the capacity vs. pressure
variation graph for a particular pump defines its
characteristic pump performance curve.
The pump suppliers try to match the system
curve supplied by the user with a pump curve
that satisfies these needs as closely as possible.
A pumping system operates where the pump
curve and the system resistance curve intersect..
The intersection of the two curves defines the
operating point of both pump and process.
Prof. Maher Higazy
However, it is impossible for one operating point to

meet all desired operating conditions. For example,
when the discharge valve is throttled, the system
resistance curve shifts left and so does the
operating point.
A
pump's
performance
is
shown
in
its
characteristics performance
curve where its
capacity i.e. flow rate is plotted against its
developed head. The pump performance curve also
shows its efficiency (BEP), required input power (in
BHP), NPSHr, speed (in RPM), and other information
such as pump size and type, impeller size, etc. This
curve is plotted for a constant speed (rpm) and a
given impeller diameter (or series of diameters).
Prof. Maher Higazy
10
Pump curves are based on a specific gravity

of 1.0. Other specific gravities must be
considered by the user.
A typical
performance curve the figure is a plot of
Total Head vs. Flow rate for a specific
impeller diameter.
The plot starts at zero flow. The head at this
point corresponds to the shut-off head point
of the pump. The curve then decreases to a
point where the flow is maximum and the
head minimum. This point is sometimes
called the run-out point.
Prof. Maher Higazy
11
The pump curve is relatively flat and the

head decreases gradually as the flow
increases. This pattern is common for
radial flow pumps. Beyond the run-out
point, the pump cannot operate. The
pump's range of operation is from the shutoff head point to the run-out point. Trying
to run a pump off the right end of the curve
will
result
in
pump
cavitation
and
eventually destroy the pump.
Prof. Maher Higazy
12
Prof. Maher Higazy
13
Typical system and pump performance curves

Prof. Maher Higazy
14
Developing a system curve

The system resistance, or system head curve is
the change in flow with respect to the head of the
system. It must be developed by the user based
upon the conditions of service. These include
physical layout, process conditions, and fluid
characteristics. It represents the relationship
between flow and hydraulic losses in a system in
a graphic form and, since friction losses vary as a
square of the flow rate, the system curve is
parabolic in shape. Hydraulic losses in piping
systems are composed of pipe friction losses or
primary losses and valves, elbows and other
fittings losses or secondary losses, then entrance
and exit losses, and losses from changes in pipe
size by enlargement or reduction in diameter.
Prof. Maher Higazy
15
For a specified impeller diameter and

speed, a centrifugal pump has a fixed and
predictable performance curve. The point
where the pump operates on its curve is
dependent upon the characteristics of the
system. This representation is in a graphic
form and, since friction losses vary as a
square of the flow rate, the system curve is
parabolic in shape.
Prof. Maher Higazy
16
Pipe friction losses

Due to friction between fluid flowing particles and
between the fluid and pipe walls, a drop of pressure
occurs.
The loss of pressure depends upon flow Reynolds Number,
fluid velocity, pipe diameter as well as the pipe length.
The loss of pressure is calculated using different formulae.
A very famous formula, which is used very often, is Darcy
equation that may be written on the form:
f l v2
l v2
h
f
(m),
2g d
d 2g
where:
Prof. Maher Higazy
17
(contd)
h: is the pressure head drop.
(m)
f : is the friction coefficient.
(-)
l: is the pipe length.
(m)
v: is the fluid velocity inside the pipe.
(m/s)
d: is the pipe diameter.
(m)
g: is the gravitational acceleration.
(m/s2)
Prof. Maher Higazy
18
Pump operating point

(intersection of pump curve and system curve)
Prof. Maher Higazy
19
Thank
You For
Attention
Prof. Maher Higazy
20

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Centrifugal

Centrifugal Pump Performance

Pumps connection for series and parallel

Typical pump characteristics backward

The Affinity Laws

Prof. Maher Higazy

Understanding Centrifugal Pump

Prof. Maher Higazy

However, it is impossible for one operating point to

Prof. Maher Higazy

Pump curves are based on a specific gravity

The pump curve is relatively flat and the

Prof. Maher Higazy

Prof. Maher Higazy

Typical system and pump performance curves

Developing a system curve

For a specified impeller diameter and

Prof. Maher Higazy

Pipe friction losses

Prof. Maher Higazy

Pump operating point

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