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    OFDM Basics

    Uploaded by

    Kavitha Mani
    This document compares FDM and OFDM techniques for digital modulation and multiplexing. It provides details on: - OFDM uses overlapping, orthogonal subcarriers allowing much denser bandwidth usage than FDM which requires guard bands between frequencies. - Data is converted to the time domain using an IFFT before transmission. A cyclic prefix is added to prevent inter-symbol interference from multipath channels. - At the receiver, the signal is converted back to the frequency domain using an FFT. Each subcarrier experiences nearly flat fading, allowing simple one-tap equalizers per subcarrier. Adaptive loading can improve throughput by allocating more bits to better channels.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    OFDM Basics

    Uploaded by

    Kavitha Mani
    183 views13 pages
    This document compares FDM and OFDM techniques for digital modulation and multiplexing. It provides details on: - OFDM uses overlapping, orthogonal subcarriers allowing much denser bandwidth usage than FDM which requires guard bands between frequencies. - Data is converted to the time domain using an IFFT before transmission. A cyclic prefix is added to prevent inter-symbol interference from multipath channels. - At the receiver, the signal is converted back to the frequency domain using an FFT. Each subcarrier experiences nearly flat fading, allowing simple one-tap equalizers per subcarrier. Adaptive loading can improve throughput by allocating more bits to better channels.

    Original Description:

    orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

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    This document compares FDM and OFDM techniques for digital modulation and multiplexing. It provides details on: - OFDM uses overlapping, orthogonal subcarriers allowing much denser bandwidth usage than FDM which requires guard bands between frequencies. - Data is converted to the time domain using an IFFT before transmission. A cyclic prefix is added to prevent inter-symbol interference from multipath channels. - At the receiver, the signal is converted back to the frequency domain using an FFT. Each subcarrier experiences nearly flat fading, allowing simple one-tap equalizers per subcarrier. Adaptive loading can improve throughput by allocating more bits to better channels.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    183 views13 pages

    OFDM Basics

    Uploaded by

    Kavitha Mani
    This document compares FDM and OFDM techniques for digital modulation and multiplexing. It provides details on: - OFDM uses overlapping, orthogonal subcarriers allowing much denser bandwidth usage than FDM which requires guard bands between frequencies. - Data is converted to the time domain using an IFFT before transmission. A cyclic prefix is added to prevent inter-symbol interference from multipath channels. - At the receiver, the signal is converted back to the frequency domain using an FFT. Each subcarrier experiences nearly flat fading, allowing simple one-tap equalizers per subcarrier. Adaptive loading can improve throughput by allocating more bits to better channels.

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    FDM versus OFDM

    FDM

    Frequency Division Multiplexing


    Frequency guard bands
    frequency

    OFDM

    Orthogonal FDM
    Overlapping, but orthogonal bands
    (e.g. sinc functions)
    Sample at appropriate points
    Much denser than FDM

    frequency

    Digital Modulation/Multiplexing

    Only values at sample points are


    important and contain data
    IFFT generates the time samples
    corresponding to these frequency points
    IFFT generates an infinite periodic time
    sequence, but only the first N samples
    are sent over the channel (these samples
    contain exactly the same information as
    the frequency points)
    This windowing to N samples results in
    a convolution with a sinc function in the
    frequency domain (which has the
    orthogonality property)

    frequency

    IFFT

    time

    Data Transmission Sequence


    1
    NT

    time

    i=1

    frequency

    Data is grouped into blocks and each


    block is treated sequentially
    Each block i consists of N symbols
    which are transformed into N time
    samples using the IFFT

    i=2
    IFFT

    frequency

    i=3

    time

    NT
    i=1

    frequency

    1
    T

    i=2

    i=3

    Upconverting and Multiplexing


    N 1

    s ( t ) xk ( t ) e

    j2 f k F t

    fk

    k 0

    j2 F t

    N 1

    xk ( t ) e
    k 0

    e j2 F t xk (t ) e
    k 0

    j2

    k
    t
    NT

    j2

    k
    t
    NT

    x0
    ck
    ej.2.F.t

    xk

    e j2 F t p* (t )
    xN-1

    j2 f k t

    c0

    N 1

    k
    NT

    ck e

    j2 f k t

    p*

    cN-1

    s*

    Fast Fourier Transform


    N 1

    p * ( t ) xk ( t ) e

    j2

    c0

    k
    t
    NT

    x0

    k 0

    ck

    xk

    xk ( t ) e

    xN-1

    x0

    k 0

    N IFFT xk

    xk
    xN-1

    N 1

    k n
    j2
    N

    cN-1

    N-IFFT

    p* (0)
    p* ( nT )

    k 0

    p*

    p* ( nT ) xk (t ) e

    k
    j2
    nT
    NT

    N 1

    p* (( N 1)T )

    Single Carrier versus Multicarrier

    Single carrier and multicarrier both

    send N symbols in NT, or 1/T symbols/second


    have a total single sided bandwidth of about 1/T
    T

    Single carrier
    time

    1
    T

    frequency

    NT
    Multicarrier

    frequency
    N

    time

    k 1

    1
    T

    Inter Symbol Interference (ISI)

    Single carrier system

    Channel response

    Multipath components cause


    interference between the desired
    symbol and previous ones

    time

    Multicarrier system

    A cyclic prefix is added, which consists of C duplicate symbols


    The length of the cyclic prefix is chosen such that C.T >
    Behaves as a cyclic convolution with the channel response
    cyclic prefix

    NT

    Frequency Response

    Cyclic convolution results in multiplication of frequency data points


    with the FFT of the channel response (= channel frequency response)
    Each data point is thus multiplied by a single factor

    FFT

    time

    frequency

    *
    FFT

    time

    frequency

    Overall System View

    Typically QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) is used to


    modulate the bits onto symbols, but any modulation is possible

    16-QAM

    4-QAM

    Rb bits/s

    b = 6 bits/symbol

    b = 4 bits/symbol

    b = 2 bits/symbol

    Rb/K blocks/s

    Rb/b symbols/s

    Rb/b symbols/s

    Concentrator

    Modulator

    K bits/block

    b bits/symbol

    freq

    N-IFFT

    RS symbols/s

    time Cyclic prefix


    insertion

    N symbols/block

    RS

    K N b

    64-QAM

    Radio
    front-end

    (N+C) symbols/block

    Rb
    N C
    K

    1
    k

    n
    yk

    xk

    xk

    To
    demodulator

    From
    modulator

    Equalizing

    Equalizer at receiver
    is 1-tap for each k

    Channel

    Without adaptive loading


    bk = bav

    1-tap equalizer, channels


    with small k may be
    treated as erasures at the
    receiver
    Adaptive loading takes
    channel info into account
    at the sender

    With adaptive loading


    1 N
    bav bk
    N k 1

    bk = f(k)
    freq

    freq

    10

    Assign bi and Pi such that Ptot is


    minimized
    Send more information when
    channel is good
    Channel needs to be estimated (as
    for equalization)

    BER

    Unloa
    ded

    ad
    Lo

    Normalized channel response (dB)

    Adaptive Loading

    SNR (dB)

    11

    N = 256
    bav = 4
    Subcarrier

    ed
    GN
    AW

    N = 256 (uncorrelated)
    bav = 4

    bi bits/symbol

    Loading information needs to be fed


    back to the transmitter
    The channel must remain quasistationary between estimation
    updates (low Doppler rate)

    Things to Consider About OFDM

    Dynamic range at output of IFFT is much larger


    than at input (or single carrier systems): large
    peak-to-average ratio (PAR)
    Very good frequency synchronization is crucial to
    maintain orthogonality (otherwise ISI)
    Example: use OFMA as multiple access technique

    ISI

    OFDMA uplink

    OFDMA downlink

    Sync problem !!!

    ISI

    12

    Different Flavors of Multicarrier


    Systems
    Discrete Multi Tone (DMT)

    Terminology used in xDSL systems


    In what is it different from OFDM? Nobody knows.
    DMT baseband OFDM passband / DMT loaded OFDM unloaded ??

    Different Variations of OFDM (none of them use adaptive loading)

    W-OFDM or Wideband OFDM (WiLAN): http://www.wilan.com

    V-OFDM or Vector OFDM (CISCO): http://www.cisco.com

    Basis for 802.11a and new 802.16


    Data rate up to 30 Mbps at 70 mph
    Reed-Solomon coding with erasures
    large carrier spacing (wideband) to simplify frequency synchronization
    MMDS microwave band, non-line-of-sight
    2-fold receive antenna diversity (vector), up to 44 Mbps

    Flash-OFDM (Flarion): http:www.flarion.com

    Fast frequency hopping on OFDM (flash)


    Data rate 384 kbps 3 Mbps at highway speeds, aimed at 3G systems
    Market trail in one big city this year, commercial availability in 2002

    13

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