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    Chapter 3 Aerofoils

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    topgun320
    This document defines key terms related to aerofoil geometry and aerodynamic forces. It describes that the chord is the line between the leading and trailing edge, and camber line is equidistant from the upper and lower surfaces. The difference in curvature between the upper and lower surfaces causes higher velocity over the upper surface, lowering pressure and generating lift. It also defines angle of attack, center of pressure, total reaction, and discusses how lift varies with angle of attack and can stall above 16 degrees.

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    Chapter 3 Aerofoils

    Uploaded by

    topgun320
    147 views40 pages
    This document defines key terms related to aerofoil geometry and aerodynamic forces. It describes that the chord is the line between the leading and trailing edge, and camber line is equidistant from the upper and lower surfaces. The difference in curvature between the upper and lower surfaces causes higher velocity over the upper surface, lowering pressure and generating lift. It also defines angle of attack, center of pressure, total reaction, and discusses how lift varies with angle of attack and can stall above 16 degrees.

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    Chapter 3 Aerofoils

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    This document defines key terms related to aerofoil geometry and aerodynamic forces. It describes that the chord is the line between the leading and trailing edge, and camber line is equidistant from the upper and lower surfaces. The difference in curvature between the upper and lower surfaces causes higher velocity over the upper surface, lowering pressure and generating lift. It also defines angle of attack, center of pressure, total reaction, and discusses how lift varies with angle of attack and can stall above 16 degrees.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    147 views40 pages

    Chapter 3 Aerofoils

    Uploaded by

    topgun320
    This document defines key terms related to aerofoil geometry and aerodynamic forces. It describes that the chord is the line between the leading and trailing edge, and camber line is equidistant from the upper and lower surfaces. The difference in curvature between the upper and lower surfaces causes higher velocity over the upper surface, lowering pressure and generating lift. It also defines angle of attack, center of pressure, total reaction, and discusses how lift varies with angle of attack and can stall above 16 degrees.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 40

    Chapter - 3

    AEROFOIL TERMINOLOGY
    Chord: Distance between leading and trailing edges.
    Chord Line: A straight line joining the leading and trailing
    edges of an aerofoil.
    Mean Camber line. Line joining the leading and trailing edges
    of an aerofoil which is equidistant from the upper and lower
    surfaces.
    (A symmetrical aerofoil has no camber)
    Thickness/Chord Ratio. The ratio of maximum thickness to
    Mean Chord, expressed in percentage of the chord.
    Angle of Attack (). The angle between the chord line and
    the relative airflow/relative wind/free stream flow.

    Angle of Incidence. The angle between the chord line and


    the horizontal datum of the aircraft.
    (This angle is fixed for the wing).
    Relative Air Flow. Airflow that is parallel to the Flight
    Path but in the opposite direction.
    It is close to the airplane but its velocity, pressure &
    temperature are not affected by the presence of the
    airplane. Its magnitude is the TAS.
    Center of Pressure (CP). The point on the chord line
    through which all the Total Reaction acts.
    (Lift is a component of Total Reaction)
    Total Reaction. The resultant of all aerodynamic forces
    acting on an aerofoil.
    It acts through the center of pressure.

    The difference of curvature between the top and


    bottom surfaces of the aerofoil with the upper
    surface having a larger curvature causes the
    airflow to travel a longer distance than the lower
    surface. To reach the trailing edge of the aerofoil at
    the same time, the airflow over the aerofoil
    accelerates causing a drop in pressure as
    compared to the lower surface. The net result
    causes pressure difference between the top &
    the bottom surface which results in an upward
    force (Total Reaction) and its vertical
    component is called LIFT.
    - The major component of lift is generated by the
    negative pressure on top of the aerofoil.

    LIFT

    = CL vs

    DRAG

    = CD vs

    Pitching Moment = Cm vs c
    In aerofoils s is the plan area
    c is the chord length

    LIFT vs. A of A
    Lift increases as the A of A increases
    As the A of A increases the Center of
    Pressure moves forward on top surface
    Separation Point also moves forward with
    increase of A of A on the top surface
    Eventually lift curve reaches maximum
    value at the stalling A of A i.e. 16
    Lift falls suddenly with any further
    increase in A of A due to forward travel
    of separation point

    Lift from
    Symmetrical Aerofoil
    Lift only starts above 0 angle of attack

    Parasite Drag: Caused by non-lift generating


    surfaces and body parts.
    Form Drag (Pressure Drag): Caused due to
    shape and size of the aircraft and its parts.
    Skin Friction Drag: Caused due to frictional
    losses between viscous moving air and the
    aircraft surface. (i.e. smooth surface will
    produce less Skin Friction Drag).
    Profile Drag: Skin Friction and Form Drag
    are together known as PROFILE DRAG

    Interference Drag:

    Caused due to
    boundary layer
    interference at
    wing/fuselage,
    wing/engine, and
    other junctions.

    Induced Drag:

    Caused due to lift


    generation.

    Aerofoil Lift Moment and Aerodynamic Center

    AerodynamicCenter
    Center
    Aerodynamic
    Aerodynamic
    Center
    Aerodynamic Centre: AC is a fixed point on the aerofoil where
    the value of lift induced pitch moment remains constant at
    Normal Angles of Attack (o-16).

    CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEAL AEROFOIL


    High Maximum Lift Coefficient
    Good Lift/Drag Ratio
    High Maximum Value of CL3/2/CD
    Low Minimum Drag Coefficient
    Small and Stable Movement of
    Centre of Pressure
    Sufficient Depth

    CL CHARACTERISTICS
    CL _ It is the ratio between lift per unit wing area and the dynamic
    pressure
    CL - Is determined experimentally for an aerofoil.
    CL Depends upon body shape, angle of attack and IAS.
    CL Is a measure that indicates how efficiently the wing transforms
    dynamic pressure into lift.
    CL Increases with increase in Angle of Attack
    CL (max) Maximum value of CL is reached at about 16 Angle of Attack.
    CL Reduces significantly above 16 A of A, indicating a Stall.

    Important : High lift devices increase the camber of the wing, thereby
    increasing the CL.

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