Potentiometer

1
Instrumentation
pH Meter
pH Electrodes
Temperature Probe
Magnetic Stirrer
pH-meter is a voltmeter connected to

the ph electrode and measures the
electromotive force across the
electrodes.
Most widely used pH electrode is the
glass electrode
pH electrode have internal resistance
in the range of 10-100Mohm.
Typical model is made of glass tube

ending in a small glass bubble.
Active part of the electrode is the
glass bubble.
The tube is made up of strong thick
glass walls.
But the bubble is made to be as thin
as possible. Its made from Zn and O.
Usually within
the electrode
tube is a
buffered solution
of chlorides.
The pH
electrodes have
both H+ ion
sensitive
electrode and an
additional
reference
electrode.
The Stirrer
It is an electromagnetic device which ensures

that ions are distributed uniformly in
solution.
This prevent the pH readings from oscillating.
Temperature Probe
It is an inbuilt sensor which reads the

temperature of the testing solution or
sample.
Principle of
Operation
CALIBRATION /
STANDARDIZATION
At least 2 buffer solutions of known

pH are used
Commercially available buffers have
pH of 4.01, 7.00, 10.00
First step related to temperature
correction
Secondly, immerse electrode into
pH 7.00 buffer and observe reading
Rinse electrode with distilled water
Immerse into the 2nd solution (pH
4.01 or 10.00) and observe the reading
8
Measuring pH of Solutions
Put the temperature probe
into the solution
Put the indicator electrode

(say glass electrode) into the
solution
9
10
The thin walled

glass bulb
consist of a
lattice of metallic
ion which are
+
exchanged for H
ions of the
solution
10
11
A potential difference develops across

the glass membrane
This potential difference developed is
proportional to the H+ ion conc. in the
test solution
To measure this pd is a silver wire
coated with AgCl and immersed in a
0.1M HCl
11
12
The reference electrode produces

a constant ref potential so
changes in emf of setup are direct
indication of variations in pH
The pH meter records the pd in
pH unit
Formula
E=K-0.0592pH
E- Emf / potential difference
K- Electrode constant
12
Care of Electrodes
14
A faster response, more reliable

measurements and a longer
lifetime.
Care prior to use

Care in use
Care in storage
Preventive maintenance
14
15
CARE PRIOR TO USE

The electrode should be gently
shaken down in the manner of a
fever thermometer.
The electrode should always be
held vertically
For liquid-filled electrodes the fill
hole aperture should be open to the
atmosphere during measurement.
15
16
CARE IN USE
The electrode
should be rinsed
with a wash bottle
of purified water
between
measurements.
Blot the electrodes
dry with a Kimwipe.
Do not rub!
Keep the electrical parts of

the electrode (the cable and
connector) dry at all times.
16
17
CARE IN STORAGE
The pH electrode should be stored in a solution
that is designed to maintain the integrity of the
electrode and prevent the electrolyte solution from
leaching out.
Never store the electrodes in distilled water, as
this will discharge the electrode glass measuring
membrane and make the electrode slow to respond
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
Take care not to allow it to physically bang into the

wall or rim of your testing vials.
Contamination to the membrane and diaphragm,
will result in measurement errors or slow response.
17
18
Store dry if electrodes will not be

used for 2weeks plus.
The best procedure for rehydrating
the glass is to soak the probe in a
buffer of pH 4.0. If this does not work
then immersing the probe in hot
buffer 4.0 solution does the trick.
The proper functioning of the
electrode, depends on the hydration
of the glass layer.
19
Rejuvenation of the
Electrode
Deterioration of the glass layer may

cause
Slow response
Failure to check against pair of buffer
solutions
Rejuvenation is done by:

Immersing bulb in 0.1M HCl briefly
Immersing bulb in alkaline and acid
solutions (reduces Na+ effect )
Immersing bulb in 20% NH4F for 3mins.
20
Modern Advancement
in Technology
21
pH Selection
Considerations
Media conditions: pH values are
temperature dependent, some pH
applications require temperature
compensation to ensure
standardized pH values.
Accuracy: accuracy of 0.02 is most
desirable.
21
22
Electrode
compartm
ent
pH Dial
Galvanometer gauge
23
Waterproof MultiParameter
Handheld Meters
The ph -2100 PA
23
MP230 GLP Research pH/mV/C Met
24
The glass electrode comes complete

with internal reference electrode and
internal filling solution system.
Simultaneous temperature display
Accuracy: +/- 0.02 pH
Electrode: Replaceable glass sensor and
reference tube electrodes
Temperature Range: 0-80 C; 32-176 F
The meter can be recalibrated with
digital calibration using the push
buttons, rather than a screwdriver.
25
MI129 ISFET Portable Meter
The ISFET electrode consists of a plastic

bodied probe containing a gel-filled reference,
temperature sensor and silicon microchip
This microchip replaces the fragile glass bulb

on traditional combination electrodes
Facilitates cleaning making ideal for
applications with viscous samples which are
difficult to remove
Unlike glass sensors the use of an ISFET probe
does not require great care or awkward
maintenance
Delivers a stable reading faster than a glass
sensor
Advantages Over Other

Analytical Tools Involved in
Titration
27
Other analytical tools;
Colorimeter
Conductivity bridge
Color indicators
A colorimeter is an instrument
compares the intensity of color in
a substance with that of a
standard (control) preparation of
known concentration.
27
28
The only true accurate method for

measuring pH is basically potentiometry.
Marked hydrolysis at the end point of
conductimetric titration reduces
accuracy.
End point is determined electrically
rather than visually hence more
accuracy
Samples under titration may be already
colored hence color change of colored
indicators may be masked at the end
28
point.
29
Color indicators only give the end point

of a titration whereas potentiometry
gives the equivalence point.
Visual determination of the end point
of a color indicator titration is relative.
Multiple endpoints for polyprotic acids
are identified.
Calibration of pH meter provides the
most accurate and dependable
measurement possible.
29
Uses in Pharmacy
31
To determine the pH and pKa of weak

acids
The use of the pKa to determine the
extent of dissociation of some drugs,
fatty acids in lipids
This can also be used to determine the
shelf life of some drugs
To determine the percentage active
ingredient in some drugs e.g. aspirin
To determine the body fluid tonicity
31
32
To determine the concentration of

potassium, sodium and creatine in the
urine
Can be applied in redox titration
Concentration of each component in
mixture of strong acid and weak acid
Determination of anionic surfactant
End point of dyes or reactions in which
the salt formed is colored
32
Potentiometric
Titrations
34
pH Curves
A graph of volume of titrant

against analyte and a first
derivative curve is used to
determine the equivalence
points and hence the end points.
Depending on the analyte, thus
be it a weak acid, its pKa may
also be determined graphically.
35
Derivation of pKa Value

The pKa value is determined using
the Henderson-Hasselbek
equation;
pH=pKa+ log[base]
[acid]
However this holds only for
monoprotic acids and only when
the [base]=[acid]. It is said that, at
half neutralization point, pH=pKa.
36
For diprotic acids;

V=V1+(V2-V1)
hence, pH=pKa
at V.
2
For triprotic acids;
V=V2+(V3-V2)
hence, pH=pKa
at V.
2
37
Monoprotic Acid
38
Diprotic Acid
38
39
Triprotic Acid
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1

pH-meter is a voltmeter connected to

Typical model is made of glass tube

It is an electromagnetic device which ensures

It is an inbuilt sensor which reads the

At least 2 buffer solutions of known

Put the indicator electrode

The thin walled

A potential difference develops across

The reference electrode produces

E- Emf / potential difference

A faster response, more reliable

Care prior to use

CARE PRIOR TO USE

Keep the electrical parts of

Take care not to allow it to physically bang into the

Store dry if electrodes will not be

Deterioration of the glass layer may

Rejuvenation is done by:

MP230 GLP Research pH/mV/C Met

The glass electrode comes complete

MI129 ISFET Portable Meter

The ISFET electrode consists of a plastic

This microchip replaces the fragile glass bulb

Advantages Over Other

Other analytical tools;

The only true accurate method for

Color indicators only give the end point

To determine the pH and pKa of weak

To determine the concentration of

A graph of volume of titrant

Derivation of pKa Value

For diprotic acids;

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