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    Seminar Report On: Wideband Code-Division Multiple Access (Wcdma)

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    Prakash Soni
    This document summarizes a seminar report on Wideband Code-Division Multiple Access (WCDMA). It provides an introduction to WCDMA and discusses its basics, specifications, spreading principles, codes, power control, handovers, advantages, and current market status. WCDMA is a 3G wireless standard that uses CDMA to allow multiple users to share the same frequency channel through the use of unique codes. It provides higher data rates than previous standards and can support applications like video calling.

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    Seminar Report On: Wideband Code-Division Multiple Access (Wcdma)

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    Prakash Soni
    54 views21 pages
    This document summarizes a seminar report on Wideband Code-Division Multiple Access (WCDMA). It provides an introduction to WCDMA and discusses its basics, specifications, spreading principles, codes, power control, handovers, advantages, and current market status. WCDMA is a 3G wireless standard that uses CDMA to allow multiple users to share the same frequency channel through the use of unique codes. It provides higher data rates than previous standards and can support applications like video calling.

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    This document summarizes a seminar report on Wideband Code-Division Multiple Access (WCDMA). It provides an introduction to WCDMA and discusses its basics, specifications, spreading principles, codes, power control, handovers, advantages, and current market status. WCDMA is a 3G wireless standard that uses CDMA to allow multiple users to share the same frequency channel through the use of unique codes. It provides higher data rates than previous standards and can support applications like video calling.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    54 views21 pages

    Seminar Report On: Wideband Code-Division Multiple Access (Wcdma)

    Uploaded by

    Prakash Soni
    This document summarizes a seminar report on Wideband Code-Division Multiple Access (WCDMA). It provides an introduction to WCDMA and discusses its basics, specifications, spreading principles, codes, power control, handovers, advantages, and current market status. WCDMA is a 3G wireless standard that uses CDMA to allow multiple users to share the same frequency channel through the use of unique codes. It provides higher data rates than previous standards and can support applications like video calling.

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    of 21

    SEMINAR REPORT ON

    WIDEBAND CODE-DIVISION
    MULTIPLE ACCESS(WCDMA)
    DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND
    COMMUNICATION
    SUBMITTED TO:
    SUBMITTED BY:
    SR.ASSTT. PROFESSOR

    MRS. MEENAKSHI AWSATHI


    SABAL KUMAR

    CONTENT
    INTRODUCTION :WCDMA
    BASICS OF WCDMA
    SPECIFICATIONS
    GENRATION OF WCDMA
    SPREADING PRINCIPLE
    CODES
    POWER CONTROL
    WCDMA HANDOVERS
    ADVANTAGES OF WCDMA
    CURRENT WCDMA MARKET

    WCDMA
    WCDMA: A high speed 3G mobile wireless technology
    with capacity to offer higher data rate than CDMA.
    WCDMA has the capacity to easily handle bandwidthintensive applications such as video, data, and image
    transmission necessary for mobile internet services.
    WCDMA was adopted as a standard by the
    International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT
    2000) with the intention to create a global standard for
    real time multimedia services and international
    roaming.
    WCDMA is direct spread technology, which means that
    it will spread its transmissions over a wide, 5MHz
    carrier.
    WCDMA is the leading 3G wireless standard in the
    world today.

    BASICS OF THE WCDMA


    WCDMA users share same radio resources
    whereas TDMA or FDMA users have their own
    radio resources allocated.
    User signals are differentiated based on codes.

    GENERATION OF WCDMA
    Channelization
    Channelization
    code
    code
    Channel
    Channel
    data
    data

    Scrambling
    Scrambling
    code
    code
    QPSK

    Channel
    bit rate

    Chip rate
    Chip rate
    (always 3.84 Mchips/s)

    SPREADING PRINCIPLE

    rect Sequence Spreading - Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA)


    Separates users through different codes
    Codes are used for two purposes:
    Differentiate channels/users
    Spreading the data over the entire bandwidth

    t
    MS
    1
    MS
    2
    MS
    3

    Code

    f
    5 MHz

    WCDMA (5 MHz)
    IS-95 (1.25 MHz)
    CDMA2000 (1.25, 3.75 MHz)

    SPREADING CODES
    Spreading code = Scrambling code + Channelization
    code
    Scrambling codes
    Separates different mobiles (in uplink)

    Separates different cells (in downlink)

    Channelization codes
    Separates different channels that are transmitted on the
    same scrambling code
    Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes
    Period depends on data rate

    CHANNELIZATION CODES
    Channelization Codes have different length depending on the bit
    rate
    In the Downlink, Channelization Codes are used to distinguish
    between data (and control) channels coming from the same RBS

    CC1, CC2

    CC3, CC4
    CC5, CC6, CC7

    In the Uplink, Channelization Codes are used to distinguish between


    data (and control) channels from the same UE

    CC1 , CC2, CC3

    CC1, CC2

    CC1, CC2, CC3, CC4

    SCRAMBLING CODES
    After the Channelization Codes, the data stream is multiplied by a
    special code to distinguish between different transmitters.
    Scrambling codes are not orthogonal so they do not need to be
    synchronized
    The separation of scrambling codes is proportional to the code
    length longer codes, better separation (but not 100%)
    Scrambling codes are 38400 chips long

    SCRAMBLING CODES
    In the Downlink, the Scrambling Codes are used to distinguish each cell (assigned by
    operator SC planning)
    In the Uplink, the Scrambling Codes are used to distinguish each UE (assigned by network)

    Cell 1 transmits using SC1

    SC1

    SC1

    SC3

    SC4

    Cell 2 transmits using SC2

    SC2

    SC5

    SC2

    SC6

    POWER CONTROL IN WCDMA


    The purpose of power control (PC) is to
    ensure that each user receives and
    transmits just enough energy to prevent:
    Blocking of distant users (near-fareffect)
    Exceeding reasonable interference
    levels

    Without PC
    received power
    levels would be
    unequal

    UE1
    UE2
    UE3

    UE2

    UE1

    UE1 UE2 UE3

    UE3

    In theory with PC
    received power
    levels would be
    equal

    Power control can be divided into two parts:


    Open loop power control (fast power control)
    Used to compensate e.g. free-space loss in the beginning
    of the call
    Based on distance attenuation
    Closed loop power control (slow power control)
    Used to eliminate the effect of fast fading
    Applied 1500 times per second
    Closed loop power control can also be divided into two parts:
    Inner loop power control
    Measures the signal levels and compares this to the target
    value and if the value is higher than target then power is
    lowered otherwise power is increased
    Outer loop power control
    Adjusts the target value for inner loop power control
    Can be used to control e.g. the Quality of Service (QOS)

    Example of inner loop power control behavior:


    With higher velocities channel fading is more rapid and 1500 Hz
    power control may not be sufficient

    WCDMA Handovers
    WCDMA handovers can be categorized into three
    different types which support different handover
    modes
    Intra-frequency handover
    WCDMA handover within the same frequency and
    system. Soft, softer and hard handover supported

    Inter-frequency handover
    Handover between different frequencies but within the
    same system. Only hard handover supported

    Inter-system handover
    Handover to the another system, e.g. from WCDMA to
    GSM. Only hard handover supported

    WCDMA Handovers
    Soft handover
    Handover between different
    base stations
    Connected simultaneously to
    multiple base stations
    The transition between
    them should be seamless
    Downlink: Several Node BS
    transmit the same signal
    to the UE which combines
    the transmissions
    Uplink: Several Node BS
    receive the UE
    transmissions and it is
    required that only one of
    them receives the
    transmission correctly

    UE: USER EQUIPMENT


    BS:BASE STATION

    WCDMA Handovers
    SECTOR B

    Softer handover
    Handover within the
    coverage area of one base
    station but between
    different sectors
    Procedure similar to soft
    handover

    UE1

    BS 2

    Hard handover
    The source is released first
    and then new one is added
    Short interruption time

    SECTOR A

    CELLS

    CURRENT WCDMA MARKETS


    GSM+WCDMA share currently over 86%.
    Around 260 WCDMA networks in over 105 countries.
    CDMA share decreasing every year.
    More than 340 million WCDMA subscriber.

    WCDMA SPECIFICATIONS
    CHANNAL BANDWIDH
    :
    DUPLEX MODE
    :
    TDD
    CHIP RATE
    :
    3.84Mbps
    FRAME LENTH
    :
    SPREADING MODULATION
    QPSK(DOWNLINK)

    5MHZ
    FDD and

    10ms
    BALANCED
    DUAL

    CHANNEL QPSK(UPLINK)
    DATA MODULATION
    (DOWNLINK)

    BPSK(UPLINK)
    CHANNEL CODING
    :
    CONVOLUTIONAL and TURBO
    CODES

    QPSK

    ADVANTAGES OF WCDMA
    SERVICE FLEXIBILITY
    SPECTRUM EFFICIENCY
    CAPACITY AND COVERAGE
    EVERRY CONNECTION CAN PROVIDE
    MULTIPLE SERVICE
    NETWORK SCALE ECONOMICS
    OUTSTANDING VOICE CAPABILITY

    CONSUMERS DO NOT CARE ABOUT


    TECHNOLOGY- THEY JUST WANT TO ENJOY
    UNLIMITED COMMUNICATION

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