Computers in

Management

ADL – 06

05/13/10
 Agenda
• Course Instructor Profile
• General Instruction for Class
• Informal Discussion
• General Opinion of Students about Course
• Intro to IT Industry
• Syllabus review

05/13/10
 Course Instructor Profile

05/13/10
 Course
Total Sessions : 3
• Text & References:
• Student Study Material
• Computers in Management : Monika Jena
• References:
• Rajaraman, V. 1998, An Introduction to Computers, Prentice Hall of India.
• Nagpal, 1999, Computer fundamentals , Wheeler Publishing, New Delhi.
• Bhatnagar, S.C. and Ramani, K.V., Computers and Information Management.
• Hunt and Shelly. 1994, Computers and Commonsense, Prentice Hall of India.
• Manuals for Ms-Office, Excel, MS -Word, MS – Access, FoxPro
• Mansfield. 1994, Compact Guide to MS - Office, BPB Publications.

05/13/10
 Objective of course/ Syllabus
Review

– The objective of this subject is to

provide conceptual knowledge of the
information technology to the present
and future Managers.
– This subject highlights the topics like
Database management, Networking,
Internet, E-Commerce etc., Which can
help managers to take routine decisions
very efficiently.
– Managerial Perspectives instead of
technical
– Understanding “Why” instead of “How”
05/13/10
 Syllabus Review

Fundamentals of computers:
• Computer System-IPO Cycle, I/O
Devices, Memory management,
Software and types of software.
Computer Networks:
• Components, Classification & Type,
Advantages, Disadvantages, Limitations
of each, LAN Concepts in details
 Syllabus Review

Internet Technology:
• Internet Technologies: Introduction to
internet & intranet , Basis concepts of
internet, DNS, Protocols, Services of
internet, Technology behind internet.
E-Commerce: Introduction:
• E-com Technologies, Applications.
 Syllabus Review

DBMS: Introduction:
• Need, Components, Benefits over file system,
Classification & Types, Advantages,
Disadvantages & Limitations of each.
ERP: Introduction, Scope & Benefits:
• Implementation Methodology, Success
Factors, Pitfall, Management concerns.
Introduction to IS Security:
• The IS Security Environment, IS Security
Governance
 Today’s Agenda
Fundamentals of computers:
• Computer System-IPO Cycle, I/O
Devices, Memory management,
Software and types of software.
Computer Networks:
• Components, Classification & Type,
Advantages, Disadvantages, Limitations
of each, LAN Concepts in details
 Information Age
• Evolving more rapidly than
Industrial Age
• Will continue into the current
century
• Greater impact will be felt
among network communities

Forging a Computer-Based Society:

• From physical to mental
• From muscle-power to brain-power
 Computer
• A machine that can be
programmed to accept data
(input), process it into useful
information (output), and
store it away (in secondary
storage device) for safekeeping
or later reuse
• Process is directed by the
software but is performed by
the hardware.
Block Diagram of Personal
Computer Function
 A Computer Now…
• Where is it used?
– Bank withdrawal
– Supermarket and department stores
– Drive the car
– E-Commerce

• Do you need a Personal Computer?

– Many Filipinos have one at home
– Many more use at work

• Will I use a computer in my future career?

– Almost every job will involve use of a computer
 Computer Literacy
• Awareness
– Importance
– Versatility
– Pervasiveness in our society
• Knowledge
– What are computers
– How do computers work
– Terminology
• Interaction
– Use some simple computer applications
 Where Computers Are Used
Education
• Teaching and testing
aid
• Learning by doing
• Computer-based
instruction
• E-Learning and
Distance Learning
 Computers in Retailing
Bar codes for pricing and inventory
•
Recording and monitoring in Shipping
•
 Computers in Energy
• Locate oil, coal,
natural gas, and
uranium
• Monitor the power
network
• Meter reading or
ground works
monitoring
 Computers for Law
Enforcement
• National fingerprint files
• National files on
criminal
• Computer modeling of
DNA –
Deoxyribonucleic
Acid
 Computers in Transportation
• Cars- automatic
• Run rapid transit systems- LRT, MRT
• Load containerships
• Track railroad cars
• Monitor airline traffic
 Computers in Finance
• Record keeping to monitor expense

• Banking by phone or on-line request

• Credit cards
 Computers in Agriculture
• Crop growth information • Feed combinations
• Mixed breeding of plants • Livestock breeding and
performance
 Computers in Government
• Forecast weather
• Manage parks
• Process immigrants
• Social Security benefits
• Taxes
• Municipal and City Government Services
 Computers at Home
• Educational tool
• Record keeping
• Letter writing
• Budgeting
• Drawing and editing
pictures
• Newsletters
• Connecting with others
• Digital Entertainment
 Computers in Health and
Medicine
• Monitor patients

• Electronic imaging

• Diagnose illnesses
• Assist the disabled
 Computers for Robotics
• Perform jobs that are dangerous
for humans
• Factory work
• Mimic how human works
 Computers are all around!
• Grocery store
• School
• Library
• Bank
• Mail

We interact with computers

everyday!
Computer System Components
People

Software

Hardware

Dataware
 People
• Computer programmer – person
who writes programs

• Users or End-users – make use

of the computer’s capabilities
 Software
• Programs- such as Windows
Operating System, MS-Office

• Set of instructions that directs the

hardware to do a required task
and produce the desired results
 Hardware
Basic Components of a
Computer
 Function of Computer System
Data
handling
I Input
P Process
O Output
S Storage
 Input devices
• Accept data or commands and
convert them to electronic form
• Getting data into the computer
– Typing on a keyboard
– Pointing with a mouse
– Scanning with a wand reader or bar-
code reader
– Terminal
 Output devices
• Convert from electronic form to some other
form
• May display the processed results
• Usable information
Monitor or screen Printer
• Text • Black and white
• Numbers
• Color
• Symbols
• Art
• Photographs
• Video
 The Processor
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Converts data to useful information
• Interpret and execute instructions
• Communicate with input, output
and storage
 Two Types of Storage
• Secondary storage
long-term storage

• Primary storage or memory

temporary storage
 Memory / Primary Storage
• RAM - Temporary storage
• Holds input to be processed
• Holds results of processing
• Contains the programs to control
the computer and manipulate
input into output
• Volatile
 Secondary Storage
• Long-term storage
• Non-volatile
• For safekeeping and later re-use
Secondary Storage Examples
• Magnetic disks – read and written by
magnetic disk drive
– Hard disk
– Diskette
• Optical disks – read and written by
optical disk drives
– CD-ROM
– DVD-ROM
• Magnetic tape – read and written by
magnetic tape drives
– Primarily used for back-up
 Computer Network

• Introduction

• The creation of the first network can be traced back to

the early 1960s, and later on developed to the concept of
internetworking. It is all started at the US Dept of
Defense
Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA);
The need for researchers and scientists to share
information and have remote access to data in different
universities and research centers was the reason for
the internetworking concept to be the focus of research
at ARBA, and by the 1970s the early Internet had
emerged.

 Thus, networks came first, and internetworking

followed evolving today's Internet.
Fig.1: A Network Setup
Growth of the Internet
Definition:
Computer network means an interconnected collection of
autonomous computers.

Being interconnected means the ability to exchange data via

transmission media (either via cable or wireless). Autonomous means
self-governing. If computer A can forcibly start/stop/control computer
B, then computer A and B are not autonomous; such setup is known
as distributed system.
 Network Vs Distributed Systems

Network Distributed Systems

1. Multiple autonomous computers are visible Autonomous computers are not

visible

2. User oriented management. A user logs System oriented management.

into A user logs in to a distributed
a particular machine and explicitly submit system
jobs remotely, moves files around and not being aware which processor,
generally handles all management memory or storage being used.
personally, Nothing has to be done explicitly,
being aware of its location on the network. all
automatically done by the system.
Benefits of Network

1. Resource sharing
Physical resources, such as printers, scanners & CD-ROM drives, and

Logical resources (software), such as databases and applications.

2. Remote Access and File Transfer

For example the ftp and telnet (remote login) commands.
3. Communications
Including: e-mail, chat and e-conferencing services.

4. Savings
All above services save money compared to other alternatives.
Q: Why communication through networks is cheaper than through a
phone line?
A: A normal phone call ties up an expensive dedicated circuit for the
duration of the call. Where as access via a network ties a
communication line while data are actually being transmitted.

Q: Which is cheaper a large system, such as an IBM main frame, or a

PC-LAN?

5. Reliability and Security

Centralized networks setup (eg. client/server) provides high control and
security on data.
Distributed network setup (eg. Point-to-point) provides more reliability
on data.
The Basic Network Model
Computer networks can be divided into two areas, which are
fundamental to the ability to transfer data between computer
systems:
(i). Network Hardware Systems
(ii). Communication Protocols (Software)

 In this course we'll be discussing concepts in both areas!

1.2. Existing Types of Computer Network

        - Personal Area Networks (PAN)

-         Local Area Networks (LAN)
-         Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
-         Wide Area Network (WAN)
-         The INTERNET (Internetworking System)

 The most common type is LAN; extremely popular and it can be

setup using different Technologies.

(i). Personal Area Networks (PAN)

A PAN is a computer network that allows communications between

devices that are close to each other, although the devices may belong
to more than one person.
Fig2. A Typical PAN

USB

IrDA

Bluetooth

Firewire
Geographical Size: Depends very much on the technology used:

USB: Maximum length of an individual cable is 5m. Length may be

extended by using USB hubs.

Firewire: Maximum length of an individual cable is 4.5m but up to

16 cables can be chained together using Firewire hubs.

IrDA:(0.2 – 1) meter, dependent on the power of the devices.

Bluetooth:(1-10) meter typically although can be 100m in ideal

conditions, dependent on the power of the devices.
About Bluetooth:
Bluetooth wireless technology is a short-range communications
technology intended to replace the cables connecting portable and/or
fixed devices while maintaining high levels of security. The Bluetooth
specification defines a uniform structure for a wide range of devices to
connect and communicate with each other.

The key features: robustness, low power, and low cost.

IrDA:
The Infrared Data Association (IrDA) defines physical specifications
communications protocol standards for the short-range exchange of
data over infrared light, for uses with palmtop computers, mobile
phones, and laptop computers (many laptops no longer offer IrDA in
favor of Bluetooth).
FireWire:
FireWire is Apple Inc.'s brand name for the IEEE standard interface.
It is also known as i.Link (Sony’s name). It is a serial bus interface
standard, offering high-speed used with PCs and digital audio/video
devises.
FireWire has replaced Parallel SCSI in many applications, due to
lower implementation costs and a simplified,

SCSI:
Pronounced “Scuzzy”, and it stands for: Small Computer System
Interface. SCSI is a set of standards for physically connecting and
transferring data between computers and peripheral devices. It uses
a special cable known as SCSI-cable.
ii). Local Area Networks (LAN))

A LAN normally consists of a small group of computers (but can

reach thousands), including client and server nodes.

- LANs and the most common types of networks, there are

distinguished by their size, transmission technology and physical
topology.

- Most LANs use fixed wiring although increasingly Wireless

connectivity (a WLAN) is becoming common.

- The major advantage of a WLAN is that there does not need to be

a ‘hard-wired’ connection between the computers. This allows
users’ computers to easily join and leave the network, and move
around. Normally the computers communicate via an access point’
that is permanently connected to a standard fixed network.
Fig.3: A Typical WLAN
Geographical Size
Within a building or part of a building.
The maximum size of a fixed wire network depends on the cabling
used. Typical maximum ranges of a wireless network are about 50m
indoors and 100m outdoors.

(iii). Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)

A MAN normally consists of a group of LANs, which may be

spread across an area the size of a city.
- It would normally consist of a number of buildings each with a
central hub that connects to the MAN network.
- Older MANs use broadcast technologies but as switching has
become more efficient point to point relay is now more typical
and the boundary between MAN and WAN is now becoming
unclear.
- MANs are increasingly using the same access technology as
LANs. The links are typically made using microwave, radio,
infra-red free-space or optical-fiber links.
 Fig.4: A Typical MAN

Geographical Size
The typical maximum size is 10-20km.
(iv). Wide Area Networks (WAN)

A WAN is a countrywide system that normally links cities.

Contains collection of machines through a sub-net. The subnet
consists of transmission lines and switching elements (routers).
 
- WANs use switching and routing technologies and so are point
to point systems.
 
- It would be near impossible to operate a WAN using broadcast
technologies, for reasons that we shall see later. Typically the
components of a WAN are connected using optical fibers or
satellite
Fig.5 A Typical WAN
(v). Internetworking Systems (eg. The Internet)

Considered as a very large WAN. In the internetworking setup

incompatible computers or/and networks desire to connect
together.
- Gateways are used to provide necessary translation between
different platforms.