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    Chapter - Calculus: Ax BX + CFT Ax BX + 0

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    Ricardo Villalonga
    The document provides information about solving differential equations: 1) It describes the general forms of first-order and second-order homogeneous and non-homogeneous differential equations. 2) It explains the solution methods for different cases based on the nature of the roots of the characteristic equation. 3) It discusses the first-order and second-order response curves and how to approximate them based on rise time, settling time, overshoot, etc. 4) It also briefly mentions higher-order differential equations, transient vs steady state response, and examples of non-linear differential equations.

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    Chapter - Calculus: Ax BX + CFT Ax BX + 0

    Uploaded by

    Ricardo Villalonga
    33 views19 pages
    The document provides information about solving differential equations: 1) It describes the general forms of first-order and second-order homogeneous and non-homogeneous differential equations. 2) It explains the solution methods for different cases based on the nature of the roots of the characteristic equation. 3) It discusses the first-order and second-order response curves and how to approximate them based on rise time, settling time, overshoot, etc. 4) It also briefly mentions higher-order differential equations, transient vs steady state response, and examples of non-linear differential equations.

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    Calculus

    Original Title

    Calculus

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    The document provides information about solving differential equations: 1) It describes the general forms of first-order and second-order homogeneous and non-homogeneous differential equations. 2) It explains the solution methods for different cases based on the nature of the roots of the characteristic equation. 3) It discusses the first-order and second-order response curves and how to approximate them based on rise time, settling time, overshoot, etc. 4) It also briefly mentions higher-order differential equations, transient vs steady state response, and examples of non-linear differential equations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    33 views19 pages

    Chapter - Calculus: Ax BX + CFT Ax BX + 0

    Uploaded by

    Ricardo Villalonga
    The document provides information about solving differential equations: 1) It describes the general forms of first-order and second-order homogeneous and non-homogeneous differential equations. 2) It explains the solution methods for different cases based on the nature of the roots of the characteristic equation. 3) It discusses the first-order and second-order response curves and how to approximate them based on rise time, settling time, overshoot, etc. 4) It also briefly mentions higher-order differential equations, transient vs steady state response, and examples of non-linear differential equations.

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    You are on page 1of 19

    Chapter Calculus

    Ax + Bx = 0
    Ax + Bx = Cf t

    Ax + Bx + Cx = 0

    Ax + Bx + Cx = Df t

    first-order homogeneous
    first-order non-homogeneous
    second-order homogeneous
    second-order non-homogeneous

    First order Homogeneous


    Given the gene ral for m of a fir s t-orde r hom ogeneous equation,
    A x + B x = 0

    and

    x 0 = x 0

    Second order homogeneous


    Given,
    A x + Bx + Cx = 0

    x 0 = x0

    and

    x 0 = v0

    Solution cases
    If the values for Y are both real, but different, the general form is,
    R t
    1

    Y = R ,R
    1 2

    R t
    2

    xh = X 1 e
    + X2 e
    Note: The initial conditions are then used to find the values for X

    and X 2 .

    If the values for Y are both real, and identical, the general form is,
    R t
    1

    Y = R ,R
    1 1

    R t
    1

    xh = X 1 e
    + X 2 te
    The initial conditions are then used to find the values for X

    If the values for Y are complex, the general form is,


    Y = j

    x h = X3 e

    t cos

    t + X4

    and X 2.

    First order non-homogeneous


    A x + B x = C f t

    x0 = x

    Second order non-homogeneous


    A x + B x + C x = Df t

    Forcing Function

    x 0 = x
    0

    and

    Ax + B
    Ax
    e

    Cx + D
    A x or
    Ax
    Ce
    Cxe
    or B cos A x

    Guess

    B sin A x

    x 0 = v

    C sin A x + Dcos A x
    or C x sin A x + xDcos A x

    Example
    M

    F
    K

    y
    K
    d

    Solve,

    x + 2 x + 1 0 x =

    s in 1 0 t

    First order response


    y
    y

    OR

    t
    y t = y1 + y 0 y 1 e

    y + 1--- y = f t

    time constant

    y
    y1

    y0

    Second order response


    2
    y + 2 n y + n y = f t

    = n

    2
    =
    1

    d
    n

    t
    y t = y ss + y 0 yss e cos t
    d
    y ss

    y0

    Natural frequency of system - Approximate frequency of control


    system oscillations.
    Damping factor of system - If < 1 underdamped, and system will
    oscillate. If =1 critically damped. If > 1 overdamped, and never
    any oscillation (more like a first-order system). As damping factor
    approaches 0, the first peak becomes infinite in height.
    The actual frequency of oscillation - It is below the natural frequency because of the damping.

    Examples

    0.5
    (underdamped)

    1
    = = 0.707
    2

    = 1 (critical)
    (overdamped)

    Consider the first order response

    Approximating a second order response


    tp

    fd = 1--T

    T
    ess

    0.02 x

    0.02 x
    0.9 x

    tr

    ts

    x
    0.5 x

    0.1 x

    w here ,
    t = r is e tim e (fr om 10% to 90%)
    r
    t s = s ettling tim e (to w ithin 2-5% typ.)
    x = total dis place me nt
    T, f = per iod and fre quency - dampe d
    d
    b = ove rs hoot
    t = tim e to fir s t peak
    p
    e s s = s te ady s tate er ror

    t
    x = x e cos d t

    d ---tp

    = n
    tp
    b
    ------ = e
    x
    1
    =
    2

    t p + 1

    (1)
    (2)
    (3)
    (4)

    Consider the second order response

    Higher order responses

    + 40 + 20 + 2 = 4

    Transient vs. Steady State

    Steady-state
    Transient

    Consider the following multi-body system

    Non-Linear Equations

    x + x2 = 5
    2
    x +x = 5
    x + log x = 5
    x + 5t x = 5

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