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    K - 3 Histology of Lymphoid Organ

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    1. Lymphoid organs include primary organs like the bone marrow and thymus which develop lymphocytes, and secondary organs like lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue which host immune responses. 2. The thymus develops T cells through maturation stages in the cortex and medulla. The bone marrow develops B cells, which also mature in secondary lymphoid organs. 3. Lymph nodes contain cortex with lymph nodules and medulla, allowing interaction between lymphocytes, antigen presentation, and clonal expansion/selection of immune cells responding to antigens transported via afferent lymphatics.

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    K - 3 Histology of Lymphoid Organ

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    86 views34 pages
    1. Lymphoid organs include primary organs like the bone marrow and thymus which develop lymphocytes, and secondary organs like lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue which host immune responses. 2. The thymus develops T cells through maturation stages in the cortex and medulla. The bone marrow develops B cells, which also mature in secondary lymphoid organs. 3. Lymph nodes contain cortex with lymph nodules and medulla, allowing interaction between lymphocytes, antigen presentation, and clonal expansion/selection of immune cells responding to antigens transported via afferent lymphatics.

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    1. Lymphoid organs include primary organs like the bone marrow and thymus which develop lymphocytes, and secondary organs like lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue which host immune responses. 2. The thymus develops T cells through maturation stages in the cortex and medulla. The bone marrow develops B cells, which also mature in secondary lymphoid organs. 3. Lymph nodes contain cortex with lymph nodules and medulla, allowing interaction between lymphocytes, antigen presentation, and clonal expansion/selection of immune cells responding to antigens transported via afferent lymphatics.

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    86 views34 pages

    K - 3 Histology of Lymphoid Organ

    Uploaded by

    AbdusSomad
    1. Lymphoid organs include primary organs like the bone marrow and thymus which develop lymphocytes, and secondary organs like lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue which host immune responses. 2. The thymus develops T cells through maturation stages in the cortex and medulla. The bone marrow develops B cells, which also mature in secondary lymphoid organs. 3. Lymph nodes contain cortex with lymph nodules and medulla, allowing interaction between lymphocytes, antigen presentation, and clonal expansion/selection of immune cells responding to antigens transported via afferent lymphatics.

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    HISTOLOGY

    HISTOLOGY OF
    OF
    LYMPHOID
    LYMPHOID ORGANS
    ORGANS

    INTRODUCTION
    INTRODUCTION
    Immune systems consists of : 4
    Lymphoid organs
    Heterogeneous group of motile cell types

    2 components of immune systems : 3


    Innate Immune System non spesific (complement,
    macrophages & Neutrophils, Natural Killer cells/NK
    cells) nonclonal defense mechanism
    Adaptive Immune System specific (T
    Lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, Antigen Presenting
    Cells/APCs)

    Adaptive immune system : 4


    Humoral immune response : B lymphocytes
    produce antibodies phagocytosis &
    digestion of bacteria by macrophages &
    neutrophils leukocytes
    A cell-mediated immune response : T
    lymphocytes bind to surface of parasites or
    virus-infected cells lyse them by secreting a
    membrane-disrupting protein & a Hydrolytic
    Enzyme

    Lymphoid organs : 1, 3
    Primary/central organs :
    Thymus & Bone Marrow
    responsible for development &
    maturation of lymphocytes
    Secondary/Pheripheral organs :
    Lymph nodes, Spleen, Tonsils,
    solitary nodules, Peyers Patches
    of ileum, Appendix

    Origin of Immune System Cells


    Pluripotent hematopoetic stem cell in bone
    marrow growth factors stimulation
    proliferation and maturation of the cells
    formed elements of the blood
    Stem cell myeloid progenitor cell &
    lymphoid progenitor cells
    Lymphoid progenitor cells B lymphocytes
    & T lymphocytes

    Growth factors on hematopoietic system


    G-CSF, GM-CSF, M-CSF, IL- 1, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6,
    EPO, TPO etc.
    Cytokines are a unique family of growth factors
    messenger molecules that can communicate signals
    from one cell type to another
    Secreted primarily from leukocytes but also produced by
    various cells of the body interleukin (IL)
    IL instruct the receiving cells to proliferate, differentiate,
    secrete additional cytokines, migrate or die
    IL Stimulate both the humoral and cellular immune
    responses, as well as the activation of phagocytic cells
    The list of identified interleukins grows continuously

    Origin of the main types of


    lymphocytes. B lymphocytes and
    natural killer lymphocytes are
    formed in the bone marrow and
    leave the bone marrow already
    mature, to seed the secondary
    lymphoid organs and transit
    through the blood, epithelia, and
    connective tissues. Immature CD4
    and CD8 T lymphocyte
    precursors are transported by the
    blood circulation from the bone
    marrow to the thymus, where they
    complete their maturation and
    leave as either CD4+ or CD8+
    cells.

    CLONAL SELECTION OF
    LYMPHOCYTES
    In bone marrow & Thymus primary
    lymphoid organ
    Single type receptor on Lymphocytes can
    recognize all possible antigens but self
    tolerance
    Lymphocytes with receptors not self tolerance
    are eliminated by apoptosis clonal deletion

    B Lymphocytes Maturation
    Bone marrow Lymphoid stem cell Pro B
    cell Pre B Cell Immature/naive B cells (Ig
    M) mature B Cells (Ig M + Ig D) blood
    stream & circulate secondary lymphoid organ
    Proliferation and maturation of B-cell responses
    are mediated by cytokines

    T Cells Maturation
    Fetal liver/bone marrow Pre T Cell
    migrate to Thymus Stage 1: T cells with
    CD 4- & CD8- (double negative) Stage 2:
    T Cells with CD 4+ & CD 8+ (Double
    positive) Stage 3 : mature T Cell with
    CD4+ or CD 8+ (single positive)

    Approximate percentage of lymphocytes in


    lymphoid organs1
    Lymphoid
    organs

    T lymphocytes B Lymphocytes
    %
    %

    Thymus

    100

    Bone marrow

    10

    90

    Spleen

    45

    55

    Lymph nodes

    60

    40

    Blood

    80

    20

    THYMUS
    THYMUS
    In superior mediastinum 1, 2
    2 lobes Thin capsules septa
    subdivide into incomplete lobules 1, 3
    Each lobule consist of cortex &
    medulla:1,3
    A.Cortex :
    Darker than medulla due to
    large number of T lymphocytes
    Also contain macrophages &
    Epithelial Reticular Cells
    95-98% of developing T cells
    die by apoptosis in cortex
    phagocytosed by macrophages

    B. Medulla : 1, 3
    Stain lighter than cortex less
    T cells population & large
    number of epithelial reticular
    cells
    3 types of epithelial reticular
    cells in medulla :
    o Type IV cells
    o Type V cells
    o Type VI cells Hassls
    Body / Thymic Corpuscle
    (found only in medulla,
    cornified, even calcified,
    unknown function)

    Thymus vascular supply

    1, 3

    Blood-thymus barrier formed by continuous


    cappillaries in cortex with thick basal lamina,
    invested by sheath of type I epithelial reticular cells
    preventing contact of developing T Cells to
    blood-borne macromolecules
    Self macromolecules crossed barrier to select &
    eliminate T cells react with self antigens clonal
    selection & clonal deletion
    No barrier in medulla
    T cells leave medulla via veins drainning the thymus

    Hormones in thymus 1, 3
    Epithelial reticular cells produce :
    Thymosin
    Thymopoietin
    Thymulin
    Thymic humoral factor
    Facilitate T cell proliferation & expression of surface
    markers

    Other hormones influence T cells maturation :


    Corticosteroids decrease T cells number in cortex
    Thyroxin stimulates epithelial reticular cells to increase
    thymulin production
    Somatotropin promotes T cells development in thymus
    cortex

    THYMUS INVOLUTION4
    Start after puberty
    Parenchym replaced adipose
    tissue and connective tissue
    Decrease weights : 40 g at
    puberty, 10-15 g late in life
    After involution, thymus still
    has its function as a maturation
    place for T cells

    LYMPH
    LYMPH NODE
    NODE
    Kidney shape, encapsulated
    (capsul of Conn. Tissue
    Trabeculae)
    Location : neck, axilla, scrotum,
    blood vessels in thorax, etc 1, 2
    Have Afferent lymph vessel &
    Efferent lymph vessel 1
    Hilum : concave depresion which
    arteries & nerve enter, veins &
    lymphatic vessels leave1,2
    Parenchym composed of T cells,
    B cells, APCs & macrophages3

    On average, naive lymphocyte spend less


    than hour in circulation before homing to
    another lymphoid organ
    2 main ports of entry into Lymph Node :
    By High Endothelial Venule (HEV)
    Specialized type of post capillary venule, lined by
    cuboid or high endothelial cells
    Found only in secondary lymphoid organs except
    spleen
    Main site of B & T lymphocytes entry from blood
    by diapedesis

    By afferent lymph vessel Site of some memory


    cells, free antigens & or antigen-loaded APC

    BLOOD & LYMPH CIRCULATION OF LYMPH N


    ODE

    CORTEX 1, 2
    o Outer Cortex
    Lymphoid nodules
    B cells imunocytes
    Germinal center/secondary n
    odules
    only in response of
    antigenic challenge
    Reticular cells & fiber

    o Inner Cortex/Paracortical
    Area T cells activated &
    proliferated

    o Subcapsular Sinus &


    intermediate/Peritrabekular
    Sinus

    Section of a lymph node showing the cortex and


    the medulla and their primary components. B:
    (1) Capsule; (2) lymphoid nodule with
    germinative center; (3) subcapsular sinus; (4)
    intermediate sinus; (5) medullary cords; (6)
    medullary sinus; (7) trabecula. H&E stain. Low
    magnification. (Courtesy of PA Abrahamsohn.)

    Section of a portion of the outer cortex of a


    lymph node showing the capsule,
    subcapsular sinuses, diffuse lymphoid
    tissue, and lymphatic nodules. H&E stain.
    Medium magnification. (Courtesy of PA
    Abrahamsohn.)

    MEDULLA : 1, 2, 3
    Medullary Cords :
    B cells, plasma cells,
    macrophages
    Reticular cells & fiber
    More irregular
    trabeculae than in
    cortex
    Medullary Sinus
    continue with
    subcapsular sinus &
    intermediate sinus end
    up in efferent lymph
    vessels

    SPLEEN
    SPLEEN

    Largest lymphoid organ in body 3


    Hilum
    Capsul trabeculae
    Consist of : 1, 2, 3
    A. White Pulp :
    Formed by :
    Lymphoid nodules B cells
    Peri Arterial Lymphatic
    Sheath/PALS formed by T
    cells surrounding A.
    Centralis
    Lymphoid nodules germinal
    centre due to antigenic challenge

    B. Marginal zone 3
    Separate white pulp to red pulp
    Composed of plasma cells, T cells, B cells,
    macrophages, APCs
    Marginal sinuses
    Contain an abundance of blood antigens
    plays major role in immunologic activities of
    spleen

    C. Red Pulp :1, 3


    Consist of :
    Splenic Cords / Billroths
    Cords macrophages, T
    cells, B cells, plasma
    cells, blood cells
    Splenic Sinusoids :
    Endothelial cells
    fusiform, elongated
    Discontinuous basal
    lamina

    Blood Circulation of Spleen

    TONSILS
    TONSILS
    Incompletely encapsulated aggregates of
    lymphoid nodules 1
    Based on location : palatine, pharyngeal, lingual
    tonsils1
    Produce lymphocytes1

    PALATINE
    PALATINE TONSILS
    TONSILS
    A pair, in pars oralis
    pharynx1
    Consist of : 1, 2, 3
    Stratified squamous
    Epithelium
    A band of lymphoid nodule
    with germinal center
    Crypts :
    Invagination of epithelium
    10-20 crypts/tonsil
    Contain food debris, dead
    leucocytes, desquamated of
    epithelial cells,bacteria etc

    Capsule partially at the


    base

    The palatine tonsil consists of diffuse lymphocytes and


    lymphoid nodules disposed under a stratified squamous
    epithelium. One of the crypts of the tonsil is shown; the
    crypts often contain dead epithelial and inflammatory cells.
    B: (1) Crypt; (2) stratified squamous epithelium; (3)
    lymphoid nodules; (4) diffuse lymphoid tissue; (5)
    germinative center; (6) capsule; (7) mucous glands.
    Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain. Low magnification.
    (Courtesy of PA Abrahamsohn.)

    PHARYNGEAL
    PHARYNGEAL TONSILS
    TONSILS
    Single in posterior nasopharynx 1, 2
    Consist of :1, 2, 3
    Pseudostratified ciliated columar epithelium
    Lymphoid nodules
    No crypts, only shallow longitudinal infolding
    called pleats
    Thinner capsule than T. Palatina

    LINGUAL
    LINGUAL TONSILS
    TONSILS
    Smaller & more numerous than other tonsils
    At base of tongue
    Consist of :1, 2, 3
    Stratified Squamous Epithelium
    Lymphoid nodules germinal center
    Each lingual tonsils has a single crypts

    MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED
    MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID
    LYMPHOID
    33
    TISSUE
    /
    MALT
    TISSUE / MALT
    Non capsulated
    Lymphoid nodules in
    mucosa or submucosa of GI
    tract, respiratory tract,
    urinary tract.
    Gut-Associated lymphoid
    tissue (GALT) peyers
    patches (B Cells surround
    by T cells & APCs)
    Bronchus-associated
    lymphoid tissue (BALT)
    similar to peyers patches

    Section of lung showing a collection of


    lymphocytes in the connective tissue of
    the bronchiolar mucosa, an example of
    mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
    (MALT). Pararosanilinetoluidine blue
    (PT) stain. Low magnification.

    REFERENCES :
    1.

    2.
    3.
    4.

    Basic Histology Text & Atlas , 10th ed. , L. Carlos


    Junquira MD, Jose Carneiro MD, Robert O. Kelley PhD,
    Lange Medical Books, Mc Graw-Hill , 2003. Pp 265
    290.
    Essentials of Human Histology, 2nd Edition, William J.
    Krausse PhD, Little Brown & Company (Inc), 1996. Pp
    197-228
    Color Textbook of Histologi, 2nd edition, Gartner LP, Hiatt
    JL, WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
    2001. Pp 273-299
    Consise Histology, 2nd edition, Don W Fawcett, Ronald P
    Jensh, Arnold publisher, London, 2002. Pp 148-161

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