TIK dan ISLAM

PHILOSOPHY of ICT and

ISLAM

OVERVIEW

Introduction
The Philosophy
Relation between Islam and ICT

Introduction

Allah S.W.t. (May He be praised and may His

transcendence be affirmed) entrusted upon us
human
beings
the
role
of
Khalifah
(vicegerent), not without any assistance.
He has equipped us with the tools, the
technologies and the infrastructure to live our
lives to the best of our abilities.


These amenities are inferred from the word
Qalam, mentioned in the first surah, al-' Alaq,
revealed to the Prophet Muhammad s.a.w.
(Peace Be Upon Him) and man in essence,
The functions of Qalam is interpreted as
similar to what a computer could also do.


The first word in the surah, i.e. iqra' which means
read, could be well presumed as the first task
assigned to our Prophet Muhammad s.a.w and the
ummah to acquire knowledge and to begin their
lives.
Acquisition of knowledge is a very important
activity in human's life.
Allah S.W.t. recognizes this in the Qur'dn with its
iqra imperative repeated twice as well as enjoining
Muslims to acquire knowledge in a total of 750
verses in the Qur 'an


The Qur 'an is the word of Allah s. w.t,
teaching humans various aspects of life,
ranging from philosophy to sciences, history to
biology, astronomy to geology, physics to
chemistry, political science to business and
law to management.

The concept of Computer in the first

Revelation

Beginning with the imperative to read in His

name, Allah the Creator reminds human
beings that the creation of man starts from
congealed blood.
Then through His magnanimity, Allah s.w.t
teaches man knowledge and wisdom through
and with the tool mentioned as Qalam.

"Proclaim' (or Read) in the name of thy Lord and
Cherisher, who created,
created man out of (mere) clot of congealed blood.
Proclaim! And thy Lord is Most Bountiful
He who taught (the use oj) the pen.
Taught man that which he knew not." (Al- 'Alaq: 1-5)


Al-Qalam or the pen could be understood as a
tool that could write, store, disseminate, and
share knowledge.
The first word Read, is the first task assigned
to us humans instead of Eat, Walk or Work.
This statement shows the importance of
reading,
and
by
extension
acquiring
knowledge.


The ayah (verse) continues to explain the real
essence of teaching, i.e, Allah s. w. t teaches
humans the concept and the use of 'the pen.'
Allah s. w. t describes that the tool used for
teaching humans as 'the pen' is an everlasting
tool to teach humans and has deep significant
impact on human life.

The significance of 'the pen' and the

'record' in human life

Qalam also is mentioned in Surah Al-Qalam itself.

"Nun. By the Pen and by the (Record) which (men) write.

Thou art not, by the grace of thy Lord, mad or possessed.
Nay, verily for thee is a Reward unfailing:
And thou (standest) on an exalted standard of character
Soon wilt thou see, and they will see


Allah s.w.! states the words Nun, 'the pen' and
'the record.'
After explaining the concept of 'the pen' in Al'Alaq, Allah s. w.t revealed a surah that
discusses the concept of 'the record,' as a
means to disseminate knowledge.
Those who possess knowledge must teach and
nurture others with their knowledge.


Both Surah Al-Qalam and Surah Al- 'Alaq
connote the education methodology (tarbiyah)
for teaching Muslims as commanded for them
to carryout da 'wah globally.

Man and Knowledge; Input, Process

and Output

Al-Baqarah 31 - 34


And He taught Adam the nature of all things; then He placed
them. be/ore the angels, and said: "Tel! me the nature 0/
these ifye are right."
They said: "Glory to Thee, 0/ knowledge we have none, save
what Thou Who art perfect in knowledge and wisdom. "
He said: "0 Adam! Tell them their natures. " When he had
told them, God said: "Did I not tell you that] know the
secrets of heaven and earth, and I know what ye reveal and
what ye conceal?"
And behold, We said to the angels: "Bow down to Adam" and
they bowed down. Not so Iblis: he refused and was haughty
he was of those who reject Faith.


The creation of the first man testifies the
important concept of Information Technology
which is known today as information system.
Allah S.W.t input the knowledge to Adam a.s.
i.e. Allah S.W.t taught him 'the names.' Allah
S.W.t could have created Adam a.s with a
'built-in' knowledge of 'the names' without the
input.
Yet, Allah S.W.t wishes to show the importance
of Input, Process and Output for human life


This ayah exhibits the significant practice of input,
process and output designed for human beings
Allah raises the status of humans by inputting the
knowledge.
Knowledge is able to raise man to a higher position
and dignity, and he can be distinguished over the
malaikah (angels).
With the knowledge from Allh s. w.t, Adam a.s
became more knowledgeable than the mala 'ikah,
and thus, he deserved more right to be the Khalifah
on earth.

Philosophy

What
What
What
What

is
is
is
is

philosophy ?
Computer ?
Philosophy of Computer ?
Qalam ?

What is philosophy ?

Philosophy came from the Ancient Greek

(philosophia) love of wisdom
Philosophy (Filsafat / Falsafah) kata serapan
dari bahasa Arab () dan dari bahasa
Yunani yang berarti (philia = persahabatan,
cinta dsb.) dan (sophia = "kebijaksanaan")
arti harafiahnya adalah seorang pencinta
kebijaksanaan


Filosof kata serapan dari bahasa Belanda
juga dikenal di Indonesia.
Dalam bahasa Indonesia seseorang yang
mendalami bidang falsafah disebut "filsuf".
Filsafat adalah suatu pemikiran manusia untuk
memahami hakikat dari suatu kenyataan,
untuk memperoleh kebenaran, makna, tujuan,
serta nilai-nilai untuk mengetahui sedalamdalamnya tentang suatu obyek penelaahnya.


The Liang Gie dalam bukunya Filsafat Ilmu
menuliskan bahwa filsafat ilmu adalah
segenap
pemikiran
reflektif
terhadap
persoalan-persoalan mengenai segala hal
yang menyangkut landasan ilmu maupun
hubungan ilmu dengan segala segi dari
kehidupan manusia.
Filsafat biasa dibagi menjadi dua kategori
besar menurut wilayah dan menurut latar
belakang agama


Menurut wilayah :
filsafat barat,
filsafat timur, dan
filsafat Timur Tengah.

Menurut latar belakang agama :

filsafat
filsafat
filsafat
filsafat

Islam,
Budha,
Hindu, dan
Kristen.

Philosophy of Islam

Filsafat Islam merupakan filsafat yang

seluruh cendekianya adalah muslim.
Perbedaan besar antara filsafat Islam dengan
filsafat lain.
Pertama, meski semula filsuf-filsuf muslim klasik
menggali kembali karya filsafat Yunani terutama
Aristoteles dan Plotinus, namun kemudian
menyesuaikannya dengan ajaran Islam.


Kedua, Islam adalah agama tauhid. Maka, bila dalam
filsafat lain masih 'mencari Tuhan', dalam filsafat
Islam justru Tuhan 'sudah ditemukan, dalam arti
bukan berarti sudah usang dan tidak dibahas lagi,
namun filsuf islam lebih memusatkan perhatiannya
kepada manusia dan alam, karena sebagaimana kita
ketahui, pembahasan Tuhan hanya menjadi sebuah
pembahasan yang tak pernah ada finalnya.

Filsuf Islam Ibnu Sina, Ibnu Tufail

Definitions from Muslim Philosophers

Al-Kindi's Perspective
Al-Kindi explained the philosophy as the highest
level and noblest of the human effort in dealing
with and in understanding our existence
(muslimphilosophy.com, 2003).
Through philosophy, people learn the
knowledge of things in reality and the
knowledge of God's divinity and unity

Definitions from Muslim Philosophers

Al-Farabf's perspective
Al-Farabi added the distinction between the
philosophy based on certainty (al-yaqiniyyah)
and the philosophy based on opinion (al
maznunah).
Certainty (al-yaqiniyyah) produces
demonstrations and opinion (al maznunah )
produces dialectic and sophistry.
He argued that philosophy is the mother of the
sciences and dealt with everything that exists
(Al-Farabi, 1969).

Definitions from Muslim Philosophers

Ibn Sina's perspective

Ibn Sina equated al-hikmah with philosophy, and
explained philosophy as the perfection of the
human
soul
through
conceptualization
(tasawwur) of things and judgment (tasdiq), of
both the theoretical and practical sides of reality
for measuring human ability
But, later in his life, he distinguished between
the Peripatetic philosophy and the one that he
termed as the "Oriental philosophy" (al-hikmat
al-Mashriqiyyah) (Ibn Sina, 1954).

Definitions from Muslim Philosophers

Al-Ghazali's perspective

According to al-Ghazali, the appropriate people to

interpret religious texts arc those professionally involved
in the religion, like theologians and jurisprudents.
They need to understand the religious context of' the
text and apply the terms univocally to God and to His
creatures.
The correct way to think analytically is to adopt the
methodology of the thought-experiment.
This method holds ideas together to see If they can be
combined without contradiction (Al Ghazalli, 2007).

Definitions from Muslim Philosophers

Sayyed Hossein Nasrs perspective

Nasr proposed the possibility of connection between

the Greek philosophy Islamic Philosophy.
He forwarded some definitions originated from the
Greeks that were most commonly studied among
Islamic philosophers, which is philosophy (al-Jalsafah)
as the knowledge of all existing things/existents (Ashy'
al-mawjudah bi ma hiya maujudah,
Philosophy is also the knowledge of divine and human
matters, philosophy is taking refuge in death, that is,
love of death and philosophy is becoming God-like to
the extent of human ability.

Philosophy of Computer Science

The philosophy of Computer Science is concerned with

the philosophical investigation at a level in which the
questions of knowledge (epistemology), existence
(ontology), and value (ethics) are posed within the
context of computer science, demanding expertise at
least in computing as a specific field inquiry.
It can be interpreted as a meta-discipline of computer
science. Philosophy seeks to address philosophical
problems that arise from within the discipline.
The philosophy of computer science stands to computer
science as does the philosophy of mathematics to
mathematics (Colburn, 1999).

Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi

Teknologi tekhn dan logia ( Yunani )

Tekhn Seni atau keahlian
Logia area studi atau ilmu

Secara harafiah tekhnelogia berarti ilmu

tentang seni dan keahlian
Proses penciptaan alat dan mesin oleh
manusia yang digunakan sebagai sarana untuk
meningkatkan penguasaan dan pengolahan
bahan-bahan yang ada di lingkungannya


Aspek Teknologi :
Hardware (perangkat keras / bentuk fisik )
software ( perangkat lunak / dasar informasi
dalam penggunaan hardware)

Perkembangan teknologi (Alvin Tovler ; 1980):

Periode gelombang pertama ( 8000 BC 1700
BC )
Periode gelombang kedua ( 1700 BC - 1970 )
Periode Gelombang ke tiga (1970 2000)


Teknologi komunikasi (Rogers (1986))
perangkat keras, struktur-struktur organisasional
dan nilai-nilai sosial yang memungkinkan individu
atau khalayak mengumpulkan, memproses dan
saling mempertukarkan informasi dengan individu
atau khalayak lain

Bila dihubungkan dengan istilah teknologi di atas

proses penciptaan alat yang digunakan sebagai
sarana untuk meningkatkan penguasaan dan
pengolahan informasi


Teknologi informasi
teknologi
yang
mencakup
sistem-sistem
komunikasi satelit, kabel interaktif dua arah,
komputer dan video disk serta video cassete.
(Ely, 1982)
pemrosesan, pengolahan dan penyebaran data
oleh kombinasi komputer dan telekomunikasi
(Richard Weiner, 1996, 303)


Teknologi komunikasi dan teknologi informasi
adalah berbeda kedua teknologi tersebut
dapat dipersatukan dalam satu teknologi yang
disebut
multimedia
seperti
misalnya
komputer (computer).
Pada konteks hardware dan software-nya
komputer digunakan sebagai pengolah data
namun ketika komputer terintegarsi dalam
jaringan internet maka komputer digunakan
untuk berkomunikasi secara global.

What is Computer ?

A computer is a general purpose device that

can be programmed to carry out a finite set of
arithmetic or logical operations.
Since a sequence of operations can be readily
changed, the computer can solve more than
one kind of problem.
Komputer adalah alat yang dipakai untuk
mengolah data menurut prosedur yang telah
dirumuskan.


Ilmu = pengetahuan yang diatur secara
sistematis
Ilmu Komputer Berasal dari Computer
Science
yaitu
mengenai
pemrosesan
informasi dengan struktur informasi dan
prosedur yang masuk ke dalam representasi
dari pemrosesan tersebut, dan dengan
implementasinya dalam sistem pemrosesan
informasi.

What is Philosophy of Computer ?

Filsafat ilmu komputer adalah pemikiran yang

sedalam-dalamnya untuk memperoleh kebenaran,
makna, tujuan serta nilai-nilai ilmu komputer bagi
kehidupan manusia.
What is Computer ?
What is science? What is engineering
Is computer science a science, or is it a branch of
engineering?
If it is a science, what is it a science of?
Is it a science of computers (as some authors say)?
What, then, is a computer?


Or is computer science a science of computation (as
other authors say)?
What, then, is computation?
What is an algorithm? Is an algorithm different from a
procedure? Many authors say that an algorithm is (like)
a recipe; is it, or are there important differences?
What are Church's and Turing's "theses"?
Some authors claim that there are forms of
computation-often lumped together under the rubric
"hypercomputation"-that, in some sense, go "beyond"
Turing-machine (TM) computation: What is
hypercomputation"?


What is a computer program?
What is the relation of a program to that which
it models or simulates? What is simulation?
Are programs (scientific) theories?
What is an implementation?
What is software? How does it relate to
hardware?
Can (or should) computer programs be
copyrighted, or patented?
Can computer programs be verified?


What is the philosophy of artificial
intelligence?
What is AI?
What is the relation of computation to
cognition?
Can computers think?
What are the Turing Test and the Chinese Room
Argument?


What is computer ethics?
[This, like the philosophy of AI, is a vast question,
deserving of its own course and having many
textbooks devoted solely to it.
Should we trust decisions made by computers?
Should we build intelligent computers?

Relation between
Islam
and ICT
Information Technology (IT) is defined as "the use
of computers and telecommunications for the
processing and distribution of information in
digital, audio, video and other forms".
Based on this definition and the fact that Quran is
neither a scientific text book nor a technological
"how-to" manual, those who are unfamiliar with
Islam might be questioning themselves about the
relationship between IT and the book revealed
more than 1400 years ago.


Quran stresses the importance of seeking
both divine and worldly knowledge from the
very first revelation:
"Read in the name of your Lord who created *
created man from a clot .."

End For Today

Continue to Part II