DEENBANDHU CHHOTU RAM UNIVERSITY

OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,MURTHAL

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

PRESENTATION ON CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY

LAB AND MASS TRANFER LAB
BY
VIKRAM KUMAR
15001005050

CONTENTS OF PRESENTATION
1)CHEMICAL

REACTION ENGINEERING

LAB
a)Introduction
b)Equipments

2)MASS

used in the lab

TRANSFER LAB

a)Introduction
b)Equipments

used in the lab

CHEMICAL REACTION
ENGINEERING LAB
WHAT IS CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
Chemical reaction engineering(reaction engineering or
reactor engineering) is a specialty in chemical
engineering or industrial chemistry dealing with Chemical
Reactors. Frequently the term relates specifically to
catalytic reaction systems where either a Homogeneous
or Heterogeneous Catalyst is present in the reactor.
WHAT IS CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Achemical reactionis a process that leads to the
transformation of one set ofchemical substancesto
another.Classically, chemical reactions encompass
changes that only involve the positions ofelectronsin the
forming and breaking ofchemical bondsbetweenatoms,
with no change to the nuclei .

CHEMICAL REACTION
ENGINEERING LAB

Different Equipments and Apparatuses Used In This Lab Are:

1.FLUG

FLOW REACTOR

PRINCIPLE: The principle is that as a plug flows through a plug flow reactor,
the fluid isperfectly mixedin the radial direction but not in the axial
direction (forwards or backwards). Each plug of differential volume is
considered as a separate entity, effectively an infinitesimally small
continuous stirred tank reactor,limitingto zero volume.
DESCRIPTION:Theplug flow reactor model(PFR, sometimes
calledcontinuous tubular reactor,CTR, orpiston flow reactors) is a model
used to describechemical reactionsin continuous, flowing systems of
cylindrical geometry. The PFR model is used to predict the behaviour of
chemical reactorsof such design.

APPLICATIONS:
Large

scale production fast reactions

Continuous production

High temperature reactions

ADVANTAGES:

Run for long periods of time without maintenance

Heat transfer rate can be optimized by

using thicker tubes in parallel

DISADVANTAGES:

Temperature are hard to control

2. BATCH REACTOR
PRINCIPLE:
In this reactor, the reactants are charged at the beginning
into the reactor, it left to the react for certain period of time.
During the agitation no materials is fed into the reactor.

DESCRIPTION:
Thebatch reactoris a type ofvesselwidely used in the
process industries . A typical batch reactor consists of
atankwith anagitatorand integral heating/cooling system.
They are usually fabricated in steel,stainless steel,glass
linedsteel,glassor exoticalloy.

APPLICATIONS:
It used in small scale industries
It is used for manufacturing of expensive products like
pharmaceuticals, dyes
ADVANTAGES:
Simple in construction
Easy to operate
DISADVANTAGES:
Large scale production is difficult

MASS TRANSFER LAB

WHAT IS MASS TRANFER?
It is the net movement of mass from one location to
another. It occurs due to difference in chemical
potential. Common examples involving mass
transfer are absorption, distillation,
evaporation,filtration etc.
APPLICATIONS OF MASS TRANSFER
Industrial cooling towers
Distillation columns
Liquid-liquid extraction etc.

MASS TRANSFER LAB

Different experiments involving extractions, distillation, diffusion
could be performed in this lab.
Different Equipments and Apparatuses Used In This Lab
Are:
1.SOLID-LIQUID

EXTRACTION APPARATUS

PRINCIPLE: Extraction uses the property of solubility to

transfer a solute from one phase to another phase.

DESCRIPTION:
Extraction

Column: Material Borosilicate Glass

Solvent

Flow Measurement: Rota meter

Solvent

Tank: Made of Stainless Steel

Heater:

Nichrome wire heater

APPLICATIONS:
Extracting

caffeine out of tea leaves

Extracting

minerals out of ores

ADVANTAGES:
Less
No

sample handling

cross contamination

Process

in fewer steps

DISADVANTAGES:
Incomplete
Variable

removal of interferences

results

2. LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION APPARATUS:

PRINCIPLE: Different liquids are soluble to different extent in a
solvent.
Description:
Extraction
Packing

Column : Borosilicate Glass

Material Borosilicate Glass

Feed Tanks : Stainless Steel

Extract Tanks : Stainless Steel

Pressure Gauge

Flow

Measurement : Rotameters

APPLICATIONS:
Removal

of phenol from waste water

Oil extraction
Washing of acids/bases from organic
streams

ADVANTAGES:
Less
No

sample handling

cross contamination

Process

in fewer steps

DISADVANTAGES:
Incomplete
Variable

removal of interferences

results

3. ROTARY DRYER APPARATUS:

PRINCIPLE: Lifting and showering the product through a hot
gas stream moving either in parallel or counter flow.
DESCRIPTION:
Drying
Feed

Shell: Stainless Steel

Hopper: Stainless Steel

Product

Receiver: Stainless Steel

Heater:

Nichrome wire heater

APPLICATIONS:
Used

in process industries.

Used

in thermal processing industries.

ADVANTAGES:
Hassle
Easy

free operations

maintenance

Compact

design

DISADVANTAGES:
Complex
Skills

operations

required

4. ADSORPTION IN PACKED COLUMN APPARATUS:

PRINCIPLE: Adsorption:- Adhesion of molecules of gas, liquid,
or dissolved solids to the surface.
DESCRIPTION:
Column
Feed

: Material Borosilicate glass

tank: Material Stainless Steel

Receiving
Feed

circulation: Magnetic Pump made of Polypropylene.

Piping:
Flow

tank: Material Stainless Steel

Stainless Steel and PVC

measurement: Rotameter for feed

APPLICATIONS:
Paint

industry

Catalysis
Chromatographic

analysis

ADVANTAGES:
Simple

construction

Hassle

free installation

DISADVANTAGES:
Product
High

recovery is difficult

capital cost

5. BATCH CRYSTALLISER APPARATUS:

PRINCIPLE: Crystallization:- A solute soluble in a solvent at
high temperature and excess amount of solute is thrown out
as crystals when cooled.
DESCRIPTION:
Crystallizer

: Material Stainless Steel

Heater:

Nichrome wire heater.

Cooling

Water Tank: Material Stainless Steel

Flow

measurement: Rotameter for cooling water

Receiving

Tank: Material Stainless Steel

Temperature

Sensors

APPLICATIONS:
Pharmaceutical

industry

Purification
Food

industry

ADVANTAGES:
Range
Less

of sizes available

particle deposit on vessel walls

DISADVANTAGES:
Crystal

size difficult to difficult

6. BATCH DISTILLATION APPARATUS:

PRINCIPLE: Different volatilities of liquids help in their
separation
DESCRIPTION:
Flow

measurement : Rotameter

Distillation

still : Made of Stainless Steel

Condenser:
Distillate

Stainless Steel

tank : Made of Stainless Steel

APPLICATIONS:
Petroleum
Natural

refineries

gas processing plant

Petrochemical

industry

ADVANTAGES:
Better

product integrity

Preferable

for temperature sensitive

materials

DISADVANTAGES
Operating
Product

instabilities

recovery is small

7. VAPOUR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM APPARATUS:

PRINCIPLE: Rate of evaporation equals rate of condensation
.
DESCRIPTION:
Distillation

still: Made of Stainless Steel. Insulated by ceramic wool.

Condenser
Heater

: Nichrome wire

Cooling
Cold

Water Tank: Material Stainless Steel

Water circulation

Temperature

Sensors

APPLICATIONS:
To

study equilibrium conditions of different liquids.

ADVANTAGES:
EASY

INSTALLATION

DISADVANTAGES:
SKILL

IS REQUIRED

8. WETTED WALL COLUMN APPARATUS:

PRINCIPLE: Mass and heat transfer between two fluid phases.
DESCRIPTION:
Column

: Borosilicate Glass

Water

Circulation

Water

Tank : Material Stainless Steel

Heater

: Nichrome wire heater

Rotameter

: For water flow rate measurement.

Temperature

Sensors

APPLICATIONS:
Finding
To

the value of transport coefficients

study mass transfer phenomenon

ADVANTAGES:
Easy

maintenance

Easy

installation

DISADVANTAGES:
Not

used at industrial scale

9. FLUIDISED BED OPERATOR:

PRINCIPLE: Fluid-solid mixture exhibiting fluid like properties.
DESCRIPTION:
Column:
Air

Material Borosilicate Glass

Circulation : By forced draft fan

Heater:

Nichrome wire heater

Temperature

Sensors

APPLICATIONS:
Food

processing industries

Catalyzing
Good

a reaction

contact between solid and gas

ADVANTAGES:
Uniform

particle mixing

Uniform

temperature gradients

DISADVANTAGES:
Operating
Skills

costs

are required

10. COOLING TOWER TEST RING APPARATUS:

PRINCIPLE: Water and air come in contact with each other to
lower the temperature of water.
DESCRIPTION:
Tower:

Material Stainless Steel

Packing:
Air

Expanded wire mesh.

Circulation : By forced draft fan

Flow

Measurement: Rotameter

APPLICATIONS:
Large

buildings

Petroleum
Gas

refineries

processing plants

ADVANTAGES:
Low

power consumption

Low

capital cost

DISADVANTAGES:
Requires water treatment
Water loss

11. RISING FILM EVAPORATOR:

PRINCIPLE: The liquor moves by natural circulation from
bottom to top of the tubes where vaporization takes place.
DESCRIPTION:
Arising filmorvertical long tube evaporatoris a type
ofevaporatorthat is essentially a vertical shell and tube heat
exchanger. The liquid being evaporated is fed from the bottom into
long tubes and heated with steam condensing on the outside of the
tube from the shell side. This is to produce steam and vapor within
the tube bringing the liquid inside to a boil. The vapor produced then
presses the liquid against the walls of the tubes and causes the
ascending force of this liquid. As more vapor is formed, the center of
the tube will have a higher velocity which forces the remaining liquid
against the tube wall forming a thin film which moves upwards. This
phenomenon of the rising film gives the evaporator its name.

APPLICATIONS:
Thermal

desalination

Food

processing

Juice

concentration

ADVANTAGES:
Low

residence time

High heat transfer coefficients

DISADVANTAGES
Limited
Low

product versatility

efficiency

 Thus

different chemical reactions including

study of organic, inorganic and various
aspects of chemistry could be performed
in CT lab.
Mass transfer phenomenon and related
aspects could be studied in MT lab.