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    Acids and Bases: Acids and Alkalis A Closer Look at Acids and Alkalis

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    Zain Ahmad
    Acids produce hydrogen ions (H+) in water and have a sour taste, while bases produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in water and taste bitter or chalky. Common strong acids include hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, while ammonia is a common weak base. The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a solution is, with values below 7 being acidic and above 7 being basic. Acids and bases react through neutralization, where an acid and base form a salt and water. Acids also react with metals to produce hydrogen gas and salts, and with metal oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates to produce salts, water, and sometimes carbon dioxide.

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    Acids and Bases: Acids and Alkalis A Closer Look at Acids and Alkalis

    Uploaded by

    Zain Ahmad
    96 views31 pages
    Acids produce hydrogen ions (H+) in water and have a sour taste, while bases produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in water and taste bitter or chalky. Common strong acids include hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, while ammonia is a common weak base. The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a solution is, with values below 7 being acidic and above 7 being basic. Acids and bases react through neutralization, where an acid and base form a salt and water. Acids also react with metals to produce hydrogen gas and salts, and with metal oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates to produce salts, water, and sometimes carbon dioxide.

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    simple explanation about acid and bases

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    Acids and Bases

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    Acids produce hydrogen ions (H+) in water and have a sour taste, while bases produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in water and taste bitter or chalky. Common strong acids include hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, while ammonia is a common weak base. The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a solution is, with values below 7 being acidic and above 7 being basic. Acids and bases react through neutralization, where an acid and base form a salt and water. Acids also react with metals to produce hydrogen gas and salts, and with metal oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates to produce salts, water, and sometimes carbon dioxide.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    96 views31 pages

    Acids and Bases: Acids and Alkalis A Closer Look at Acids and Alkalis

    Uploaded by

    Zain Ahmad
    Acids produce hydrogen ions (H+) in water and have a sour taste, while bases produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in water and taste bitter or chalky. Common strong acids include hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, while ammonia is a common weak base. The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a solution is, with values below 7 being acidic and above 7 being basic. Acids and bases react through neutralization, where an acid and base form a salt and water. Acids also react with metals to produce hydrogen gas and salts, and with metal oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates to produce salts, water, and sometimes carbon dioxide.

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    Acids and Bases

    Acids and alkalis


    A closer look at acids
    and alkalis

    IGCSE

    Acids and Bases

    Acids
    Acids
    Produce H+ ions in water.
    H2O

    HCl(g) H+(aq) + Cl- (aq)


    Are electrolytes.
    Have a sour taste.
    Turn litmus paper red.
    Neutralize bases.

    Common Acids

    Bases
    Bases
    Produce OH ions in water
    .
    (H2O)
    NaOH (s) OH- (aq) + Na+(aq)
    Taste bitter or chalky.
    Are electrolytes.
    Feel soapy and slippery.
    Neutralize acids.

    Some Common Bases


    Bases with OH- ions are named as the hydroxide of the
    metal in the formula.
    NaOH

    sodium hydroxide

    KOH

    potassium hydroxide

    Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide


    Al(OH)3

    aluminum hydroxide

    Fe(OH)3 iron (III) hydroxide

    NH3, A special case


    In the reaction of ammonia and water,
    NH3 is the base that accept H+.
    H2O is the acid that donates H+.

    Comparing Acids and Bases

    Learning Check
    Identify each as a characteristic of an
    A) acid
    or
    B) base
    ____1.
    Has a sour taste.
    A
    B
    ____2.
    Produces OH- in aqueous solutions.
    B
    ____3.
    Has a chalky taste.
    A,B
    ____4.
    Is an electrolyte.
    A
    ____5.
    Produces H+ in aqueous solutions.

    Acid-Base Indicators
    Indicators are used to determine whether a
    substance is acidic, basic or neither (neutral).
    These are called indicators because they
    change colors to indicate acid or alkaline
    conditions.
    Many substances are neutral being neither
    acids nor alkalis.
    i.e. water, sugar water, aqueous sodium chloride

    Acid-Base Indicators
    This table illustrates how indicators can be
    seen to change color with acids and
    Indicator
    alkalis
    Color in acid Color in alkali
    Litmus
    Phenolphthalein
    Methyl orange

    Red

    Blue

    Colorless

    Pink

    Red

    yellow

    pH Scale
    The pH scale:
    Is used to indicate the
    acidity of a solution.
    Has values that usually
    range from 0 to 14.
    Is neutral with a pH of 7.

    12

    pH Scale
    The pH scale:
    Is used to indicate the
    acidity of a solution.
    Is acidic when the values
    are less than 7.
    Is basic when the values
    are greater than 7.

    13

    pH of Everyday Substances

    14

    Learning Check
    Identify each solution as
    1. acidic
    2. basic

    3. neutral

    HCl with a pH = 1.5 acidic


    Pancreatic fluid with a pH = 8.1 basic
    Sprite soft drink pH = 3.0 acidic
    pH = 7.0 neutral

    15

    Testing the pH of Solutions


    The pH of solutions can be determined using
    pH meter,
    pH paper, or
    indicators that have specific colors at different
    pH values.

    16

    Strengths of Acids
    A strong acid completely ionizes (100%) in
    aqueous solutions.
    HCl(g) + H2O(l)
    H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
    A weak acid dissociates only slightly in water
    to form a few ions in aqueous solutions.
    H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l)
    (aq)

    H3O+(aq) + HCO3

    Strong and Weak Acids


    In an HCl solution, the
    strong acid HCl
    dissociates 100%.
    A solution of (acetic
    acid) the weak acid
    CH3COOH contains
    mostly molecules and a
    few ions.

    Strong Acids
    Strong acids
    Are few in number compared to weak acids.

    Weak Acids

    Weak acids
    Are typical of most acids.

    Strong Bases
    Strong bases
    Form with metals of Groups 1
    and 2:
    Include LiOH, NaOH, KOH,
    and Ca(OH)2
    Dissociate completely in water.
    KOH(s)
    K+(aq) + OH(aq)

    Weak Bases
    Weak bases
    Are most of the bases.
    Dissociate only slightly in
    water.
    Form only a few ions in water.

    NH3(g) + H2O(l)

    NH4+(aq) + OH(aq)

    Learning Check
    Identify each of the following as a strong or weak
    acid or base.
    A. HBr
    strong acid
    B. HNO2

    weak acid

    C. NaOH

    strong base

    D. H2SO4

    strong acid

    E. Cu(OH)2

    weak base

    Reactions with metals


    Acids react with metals
    Such as K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, and Sn .
    To produce hydrogen gas and the salt of the metal.
    A type of redox reaction.
    Molecular equation:
    Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
    Ionic equation:
    Zn(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) Zn2+ (aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + H2(g)
    Net ionic equation:
    Zn(s) + 2H+(aq) Zn2+ (aq) + H2(g)

    24

    Reactions with bases


    Bases are a group of compounds that
    react with acids to neutralize them, giving
    a salt and water.
    Bases include alkalis, and insoluble metal
    oxides, hydroxides and carbonates.

    25

    Reactions of acids and bases


    1. Acids with alkalis (soluble bases)
    A neutralization reaction occurs when
    An acid such as HCl and a base such as NaOH react.
    HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl
    NaOH
    Na+
    + OH
    The H3O+ from the acid and the OH from the base form
    water.
    H3O+ + OH
    2 H 2O

    26

    Reactions of acids and bases


    In the equation for neutralization, an acid and a
    base produce a salt and water.
    acid
    base
    salt
    water
    HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
    2HCl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

    27

    Reactions with metal oxides


    2. Acid reactions with metal oxides
    The oxides and hydroxides of many metals are
    insoluble in water.
    If you add the solid to dilute acid, it will neutralize
    the acid.
    i.e. copper oxide reacts with sulfuric acid:

    CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq) CuSO4 (aq) + H2O(l)


    metal oxide

    acid

    salt

    water
    28

    Reactions with carbonates


    3. Acid reactions with carbonates
    Acids react with carbonates and hydrogen
    carbonates to produce carbon dioxide gas, a salt,
    and water.
    2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) CO2(g) + CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
    HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(s) CO2(g) + NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

    29

    A Summary of Acid Reactions


    Acid + metal metal salt +
    hydrogen
    Acid + metal oxide or hydroxide
    metal salt + water
    Acid + metal carbonate
    metal salt + water + carbon dioxide

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