Metabolisme Air

METABOLISME AIR
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Kusumo hariyadi
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Sp3 tetrahedron
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molekul air
dengan ikatan hidrogen
Fluid balance
is the concept of human homeostasis
that the amount of fluid lost from the
body is equal to the amount of fluid
taken in. Euvolemia
is the state of normal body fluid
volume. Humans can survive for 46
weeks without food, but for only a few
days without water.
The reference daily intake (RDI)

for water is 3.7 litres per day (l/day)
for human males older than 18, and
2.7 l/day for human females older
than 18 including water contained in
food, beverages, and drinking water.
The common misconception that
everyone should drink two litres (68
ounces, or about eight 8-oz glasses)
of water per day is not supported by
scientific research.
A constant supply is needed to

replenish the fluids lost through
normal physiological activities,
such as respiration, perspiration
and urination.
The amount of water varies with
the individual, as it depends on the
condition of the subject, the
amount of physical exercise, and on
the environmental temperature and
humidity
Food contributes 0.5 to 1 l/day, and the metabolism of

protein, fat and carbohydrates produces another 0.25 to 0.4
l/day, which means that 2 to 3 l/day of water for men and 1
to 2 l/day of water for women should be taken in as fluid
i.e. drunk, in order to meet the Recommended Daily Intake

(RDI). In terms of mineral nutrients intake, it is unclear
what the drinking water contribution is. However, inorganic
minerals generally enter surface water and ground water
via storm water runoff or through the Earth's crust.
Treatment processes also lead to the presence of some
minerals.
Examples include calcium, zinc, manganese, phosphate,

fluoride and sodium compounds.
Water generated from the biochemical metabolism of

nutrients provides a significant proportion of the daily
water requirements
Input water
In the normal resting state,
input of water through ingested
fluids is approximately 1200
ml/day, from ingested foods
1000 ml/day and from
aerobic respiration 300 ml/day,
totaling 2500 ml/day.
Regulation of input
Input of water is regulated mainly through
ingested fluids, which, in turn, depends on
thirst. An insufficiency of water results in
an increased osmolarity (> 308 mosmol) in
the extracellular fluid.
This is sensed by osmoreceptors in the
organum vasculosum of the lamina
terminalis, which trigger thirst.
Thirst can to some degree be voluntarily
resisted, as during fluid restriction.
Output
The majority of fluid output occurs via the urine,
approximately 1500 ml/day (approx 1.59 qt/day) in the normal
adult resting state.
Some fluid is lost through perspiration (part of the body's
temperature control mechanism) and as water vapor in
expired air. These are termed "insensible fluid losses" as
they cannot be easily measured. Some sources say insensible
losses account for 500 to 650 ml/day (0.5 to 0.6 qt.) of water
in adults,while other sources put the minimum value at 800
ml (0.8 qt.).
In children, one calculation used for insensible fluid loss is
400ml/m2 body surface area.
An adult loses approximately 100ml/day of fluid through feces
.
For females, an additional 50 ml/day is lost through vaginal
secretions.
These outputs are in balance with the input of ~2500 ml/day
Regulation of output
The body's homeostatic control mechanisms, which
maintain a constant internal environment, ensure that a
balance between fluid gain and fluid loss is maintained.
The hormones ADH (Anti-diuretic Hormone, also known
as vasopressin) and Aldosterone play a major role in
this.
If the body is becoming fluid-deficient, there will be an
increase in the secretion of these hormones, causing
fluid to be retained by the kidneys and urine output to
be reduced.
Conversely, if fluid levels are excessive, secretion of
these hormones is suppressed, resulting in less
retention of fluid by the kidneys and a subsequent
increase in the volume of urine produced.
Antidiuretic hormone
If the body is becoming fluid-deficient, this will be
sensed by osmoreceptors in the organum
vasculosum of lamina terminalis and subfornical
organ.
These areas project to the supraoptic nucleus and
paraventricular nucleus, which contain neurons that
secrete the antidiuretic hormone, vasopressin, from
their nerve endings in the posterior pituitary.
Thus, there will be an increase in the secretion of
antidiuretic hormone, causing fluid to be retained
by the kidneys and urine output to be reduced.
Aldosterone
Renin-angiotensin system
A fluid-insufficiency causes a decreased perfusion of
the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidneys.
This activates the renin-angiotensin system.
Among other actions, it causes renal tubules (i.e. the
distal convoluted tubules and the cortical collecting
ducts) to reabsorb more sodium and water from the
urine.
Potassium is secreted into the tubule in exchange for
the sodium, which is reabsorbed.
The activated renin-angiotensin system stimulates
zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex which in turn
secretes hormone aldosterone.
This hormone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium
ions from distal tubules and collecting ducts.
Water in the tubular lumen follows the sodium
reabsorption osmotically.
Fluid balance in an acute hospital setting

In an acute hospital setting, fluid balance is monitored
carefully.
This provides information on the patient's state of
hydration, renal function and cardiovascular function.
If fluid loss is greater than fluid gain (for example if the
patient vomits and has diarrhoea), the patient is said to
be in negative fluid balance. In this case, fluid is often
given intravenously to compensate for the loss.
On the other hand, a positive fluid balance (where fluid
gain is greater than fluid loss) might suggest a problem
with either the renal or cardiovascular system.
An accurate measure of fluid balance is therefore an
important diagnostic tool, and allows for prompt
intervention to correct the imbalance
Efek makanan pada produksi urin obligat

1 gram protein menghasilkan 0,16 gram N 2 (BM =28)
dan nitrogen di ekskresi sbg urea BM = 60
Jadi setiap gram protein menghasilkan 300 mg urea
(300/60 = 5 mosmol)
1 gram NaCl = 1000/58,5 = 17 mosmolX 2 = 34 mosmol
Sehari seseorang makan 100 g protein dan 10 gram
garam maka :
(100X5) + ( 10 X 34) = 840 mosmol
Ginjal orang dewasa mengkonsentrasi urin 1400
mosmol/l
Urin = 840/1400 X 1000 ml = 600 ml

Metabolisme Air

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METABOLISME AIR

The reference daily intake (RDI)

A constant supply is needed to

Food contributes 0.5 to 1 l/day, and the metabolism of

i.e. drunk, in order to meet the Recommended Daily Intake

Examples include calcium, zinc, manganese, phosphate,

Water generated from the biochemical metabolism of

Fluid balance in an acute hospital setting

Efek makanan pada produksi urin obligat

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