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    Lecture 8 - Cause and Effect Diagram

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    Anand Surabhi
    This document discusses cause-effect graphing, which is a technique for identifying combinations of input conditions and their effects to develop test cases. It explains the basic steps of identifying causes and effects, constructing a boolean graph linking them, imposing constraints, and converting the graph into a decision table to derive test cases. Examples are provided to demonstrate drawing a cause-effect graph and identifying test cases for a problem related to supplying rental cars. Various constraint symbols are also defined that can be applied to the graph.

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    Lecture 8 - Cause and Effect Diagram

    Uploaded by

    Anand Surabhi
    744 views35 pages
    This document discusses cause-effect graphing, which is a technique for identifying combinations of input conditions and their effects to develop test cases. It explains the basic steps of identifying causes and effects, constructing a boolean graph linking them, imposing constraints, and converting the graph into a decision table to derive test cases. Examples are provided to demonstrate drawing a cause-effect graph and identifying test cases for a problem related to supplying rental cars. Various constraint symbols are also defined that can be applied to the graph.

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    cause and effect diagram of testing

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    This document discusses cause-effect graphing, which is a technique for identifying combinations of input conditions and their effects to develop test cases. It explains the basic steps of identifying causes and effects, constructing a boolean graph linking them, imposing constraints, and converting the graph into a decision table to derive test cases. Examples are provided to demonstrate drawing a cause-effect graph and identifying test cases for a problem related to supplying rental cars. Various constraint symbols are also defined that can be applied to the graph.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    744 views35 pages

    Lecture 8 - Cause and Effect Diagram

    Uploaded by

    Anand Surabhi
    This document discusses cause-effect graphing, which is a technique for identifying combinations of input conditions and their effects to develop test cases. It explains the basic steps of identifying causes and effects, constructing a boolean graph linking them, imposing constraints, and converting the graph into a decision table to derive test cases. Examples are provided to demonstrate drawing a cause-effect graph and identifying test cases for a problem related to supplying rental cars. Various constraint symbols are also defined that can be applied to the graph.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 35

    Lecture 8 Cause and Effect Graph

    MCA 5th Semester Aug-Dec 2016

    Cause Effect Graphing

    Cause Effect Graphing

    Cause Effect Graphing


    Cause Effect Graphing Technique

    Consider combinations of various input conditions

    Steps
    1. Causes & effects in the specifications are identified.
    A cause is a distinct input condition or an equivalence class of input conditions.
    An effect is an output condition or a system transformation.
    2. The semantic content of the specification is analysed and transformed into a
    boolean graph linking the causes & effects.
    3. Constraints are imposed
    4. graph limited entry decision table
    Each column in the table represent a test case.
    5. The columns in the decision table are converted into test cases.
    4

    Cause Effect Graphing


    The basic notation for the graph is shown as:

    Basic cause effect graph symbols


    5

    Cause Effect Graphing


    Myers explained this effectively with following example. The characters in column 1
    must be an A or B. The character in column 2 must be a digit. In this situation, the
    file update is made. If the character in column 1 is incorrect, message x is issued. If
    the character in column 2 is not a digit, message y is issued.
    The causes are
    c1: character in column 1 is A
    c2: character in column 1 is B
    c3: character in column 2 is a digit
    and the effects are
    e1: update made
    e2: message x is issued
    e3: message y is issued
    6

    Cause Effect Graphing

    Sample cause effect graph


    7

    Cause Effect Graphing


    Example
    A tourist of age greater than 21 years and having a clean driving record is
    supplied a rental car. A premium amount is also charged if the tourist is on
    business otherwise it is not charged.
    If the tourist is less than 21 year old or does not have a clean driving record ,
    the system will display the following message:
    Car cannot be supplied
    Draw the Cause effect graph and identify the test cases.

    Cause Effect Graphing


    The causes are
    c1: Age is over 21
    C2:Driving Record is clean
    c3: Tourist is on business
    and the effects are
    e1: Supply a rental car without premium charge
    e2: Supply a rental car with premium charge
    e3: Car cannot be supplied

    Cause Effect Graphing

    Sample cause effect graph


    10

    Cause Effect Graphing

    Decision Table
    11

    Cause Effect Graphing

    Test Cases of the given Decision Table

    12

    Cause Effect Graphing

    13

    Cause Effect Graphing

    14

    Cause Effect Graphing

    15

    Cause Effect Graphing

    16

    Cause Effect Graphing

    17

    Cause Effect -Constraints

    Constraint symbols 18

    Cause Effect -Constraints


    This constraint is applicable at the effect side of the cause effect
    graph. This states that if effect e1 is 1, effect e2 is forced to be 0.

    Symbol for masks constraint


    19

    Cause Effect -Constraints


    The E constraint states that it must always be true that at most one of c1 or c2 can be
    1 (c1 or c2 cannot be 1 simultaneously). However both c1 and c2 can be 0
    Simultaneously.

    20

    Cause Effect -Constraints


    The I constraint states that at least one of c1, c2 and c3 must always be 1 (c1, c2 and c3
    cannot be 0 simultaneously).

    21

    Cause Effect -Constraints


    The O constraint states that one, and only one, of c1 and c2 must be 1.

    22

    Cause Effect -Constraints


    The constraint R states that, for c1 to be 1, c2 must be 1 (i.e. it is impossible for c1 to
    be 1 and c2 to be 0),

    23

    Cause Effect -Constraints

    24

    Cause Effect Graphing


    The characters in column 1 must be an A or B. The character in column 2 must be a
    digit. In this situation, the file update is made. If the character in column 1 is
    incorrect, message x is issued. If the character in column 2 is not a digit, message y
    is issued.
    The causes are
    c1: character in column 1 is A
    c2: character in column 1 is B
    c3: character in column 2 is a digit
    and the effects are
    e1: update made
    e2: message x is issued
    e3: message y is issued

    Add a constraint related to the Character in Column 1

    Cause Effect -Constraints

    Fig. : Sample cause effect graph with exclusive constraint

    It is physically impossible for causes 1 and 2 to be present simultaneously,


    but it is possible for neither to be present. Hence, they are linked with the
    E constraint.
    26

    Cause Effect Constraints

    Add a constraint related to Gender

    27

    Cause Effect O Constraint

    28

    Cause Effect Graphing


    Problem Statement:
    Keeping the record of marital status and number of children of a
    citizen.
    The value of marital status must be U or M.
    The value of the number of children must be digit or null in case a
    citizen is unmarried.
    If the information entered by the user is correct then an update is
    made.
    If the value of marital status of the citizen is incorrect then error
    message 1 is issued.
    If the value of number of children is incorrect, then error message 2 is
    issued.

    29

    Cause Effect Graphing


    The causes are :
    C1:Marital status is U
    C2:Marital status is M
    C3:Number of children is a digit
    And the effects are:
    e1:updation made.
    e2:error message 1 is issued
    e3:error message 2 is issued

    30

    Cause Effect E & R Constraint

    31

    Cause Effect -Constraints

    Constraint symbols 32

    Cause Effect -Constraints

    Constraint symbols 33

    Benefits of Cause-Effect Graphing

    References
    1)Software Testing Yogesh Singh (Cambridge
    University Press)
    2) K. K. Aggarwal & Yogesh Singh, Software
    Engineering, New Age International Publishers,
    New Delhi
    3)The Art of Software Testing Glenford J Myers

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