Citations and References

Citations
and
References
CITATION
tells the readers where the
information came from. In
your writing, you cite or
refer to the source of
information.
Basic elements of
the Citation
Name of the author(s)

Year of publication
Page number or page
range
REFERENCE
gives the readers details
about the source so that they
have a good understanding
of what kind of source it is
and could find the source
themselves if necessary. The
references are typically listed
at the end of the lab report.
Smart
Advice:
Find out what form of
documentation is
appropriate to use in
your classbeforeyou
write your first
report.
WHY CITE AND PUT

REFERENCE?
Let your professor, or anyone

else that reads your work, find
the items you used in your
research.
Builds your credibility and
shows that your ideas are
shared by other scholars
studying in the same field.
Avoids plagiarism!
REFERENCE CITATION
STYLES
APA (American
Psychological Association)
Chicago Manual of Style
MLA (Modern Language
Association)
Turabian Style
Three basic
systems of
documentation
Name-and-year
system,
Alphabet-number
system,
Citation-order system
1. The
name-andyear
system.
1. The name-and-year system.

Citations: When you cite the
source of information in the
report, you give the names of
the authors and the date of
publication
LEGEND:
Information
Name of Author(s)
Date
EXAMPLE
Jenkins and Busher (1979)

report that beavers eat
several kinds of herbaceous
plants as well as the leaves,
twigs, and bark of most
species of woody plants that
grow near water.
EXAMPLE
Beavers have been

shown to be discriminate
eaters of hardwoods
(Crawford, Hooper, and
Harlow 1976).
1. The name-and-year system.
References: The sources

are listed at the end of the
report in alphabetical order
according to the last name
of the first author, as in the
following book and article.
EXAMPLE
Crawford, H.S., R.G. Hooper, and R.F

Harlow. 1976. Woody Plants Selected
by Beavers in the Appalachian and
Valley Province. Upper Darby, PA:
U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Jenkins, S.H., and P.E. Busher. 1979.
Castor canadensis. Mammalian
Species. 120:1-8.
2. The
alphabetnumber
system.
2. The alphabet-number
system.

source of information in the
report, you give a number in
parentheses that
corresponds to the number of
the source in the alphabetical
listing in the "References."
EXAMPLE
Jenkins and Busher report that beavers

eat several kinds of herbaceous
plants as well as the leaves, twigs,
and bark of most species of woody
plants that grow near water (4).
Beavers have been shown to be
discriminate eaters of hardwoods (3).
2. The alphabet-number
system.
References: The
sources are listed in
alphabetical order and
numbered accordingly,
as in the following
book and article
EXAMPLE
3. Crawford, H.S., R.G. Hooper, and

R.F Harlow. 1976. Woody Plants
Selected by Beavers in the
Appalachian and Valley Province.
Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of
Agriculture.
4. Jenkins, S.H., and P.E. Busher.
1979. Castor canadensis. Mammalian
Species. 120:1-8.
3. The
CitationOrder
System
3. The Citation-Order System

sources of information in the
report, you give a number in
brackets that corresponds to the
number of the source listed in
the order in which they appear in
the report, the source listed first
as [1], the next source [2], etc.
EXAMPLE
Jenkins and Busher report that beavers

eat several kinds of herbaceous
plants as well as the leaves, twigs,
and bark of most species of woody
plants that grow near water [1].
Beavers have been shown to be
discriminate eaters of hardwoods [2].
3. The Citation-Order System

References: The sources are
listed in the order in which they
are cited in the report, as in the
following book and article.
EXAMPLE:
[1] S.H. Jenkins and P.E. Busher, "Castor
canadensis,"Mammalian Species. Vol. 20, Jan.
1979.
EXAMPLE
[2] H.S. Crawford, R.G. Hooper,
and R.F Harlow, Woody Plants
Selected by Beavers in the
Appalachian and Valley Province.
Upper Darby, PA: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, 1976.
THANK
YOU!
REFERENCES
https://www.ncsu.edu/labwrite/res/rescitsandrefs.html
http://subjectguides.library.american.edu/cita
tion
GROUP MEMBERS:
Mary Rose Ranido

Krizza Mae Ramos
Rose Ann Recana
Nicole Ricohermoso

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What are the three basic systems of documentation?

What are the three basic systems of documentation?

What are the basic elements of a citation?

What are the basic elements of a citation?

Citations

Name of the author(s)

Find out what form of

WHY CITE AND PUT

Let your professor, or anyone

1. The name-and-year system.

Jenkins and Busher (1979)

Beavers have been

1. The name-and-year system.

References: The sources

Crawford, H.S., R.G. Hooper, and R.F

Citations: When you cite the

Jenkins and Busher report that beavers

3. Crawford, H.S., R.G. Hooper, and

3. The Citation-Order System

Jenkins and Busher report that beavers

3. The Citation-Order System

Mary Rose Ranido

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