An Introduction of Income Tax Act-1961: Taxes Are The Prices Paid For The Civilized Society

TAXES ARE THE PRICES PAID FOR
THE CIVILIZED SOCIETY

AN INTRODUCTION OF
INCOME TAX ACT-1961
Dr Amit Kumar Sinha

dramitksinha@gmail.com
1
Definition of Income Tax
QUICK LOOK
Taxes in India are of two types, Direct Tax and
Indirect Tax.
Direct Tax, like income tax, wealth tax, etc. are those
whose burden falls directly on the taxpayer.
The burden of indirect taxes, like service tax, VAT,
etc. can be passed on to a third party.
2
TAXATION IN INDIA
According to Income Tax Act 1961, every person,
who is an assessee and whose total income exceeds
the maximum exemption limit, shall be chargeable to
the income tax at the rate or rates prescribed in the
finance act. Such income tax shall be paid on the total
income of the previous year in the relevant
assessment year.
The
Thetotal
totalincome
incomeofofan
anindividual
individualisisdetermined
determinedon
onthe
thebasis
basis
of
ofhis
hisresidential
residentialstatus
statusin
inIndia.
India.
3
Assessee
 Every person in respect of whom any proceeding under
this Act has been taken for the assessment of his income or
of the income of any other person in respect of which he is
assessable, or of the loss sustained by him or by such other
person, or the amount of refund due to him or to such other
person;
 Every person who is deemed to be an assessee under any
provision of this Act;
 Every person who is deemed to be an assessee in default
under any provision of this Act
4
Assessment year
Assessment year means the period of
twelve months commencing on 1st April
every year and ending on 31st March of
the next year. Income of previous year of
an assessee is taxed during the following
assessment year at the rates prescribed by
the relevant Finance Act.
5
Company
Section 2(17) of the act defines company. The term
company includes:
1. any Indian company
2. any corporate incorporated by or under the laws of
country outside India
3. any institution, association or body which is or was
assessable or was assessed as a company for any
assessment year under the 1922 Act or under the 1961
act any institution, association or body, whether
incorporated or not and whether Indian or non Indian,
which is declared by general or special order of the
board to be a company only for such assessment year or
assessment years
6
Indian company
 Indian company means a company formed and registered

under the companies act, 1956. Any company formed and
registered under any law relating to companies formerly in
force in any part of India, other than Jammu and Kashmir
and the union territories as specified or a corporation
established by or under a central, state or provincial act or
any institution, association or a body which is declared by
the board to be company under section 2 (17) are referred
as Indian company. In the case of state of Jammu and
Kashmir, a company formed and registered under any law
for the time being in force in the state. Similarly in case of
union territories.
7
Previous year
 The Financial Year in which the income is

earned is known as the previous year. Any
financial year begins from 1st of April and
ends on subsequent 31st March. The
financial year beginning on 1st of April
2007 and ending on 31st March 2008 is the
previous year for the assessment year 2008-
2009.
8
Income
 There is no specific definition of income
but for statutory purposes there are certain
items which are listed under the head
income. These items include those heads
also which normally will not be termed as
income but for taxation we consider them as
income. These items are included under
section 2(24) of the income tax act, 1961.
As per the definition in section 2(24), the
term income means and includes:
9
INCOME
 profits and gains
 dividends
 voluntary contributions received by a trust
 the value of any perquisite or profit in lieu of salary taxable under clause (2)
and (3) of section 17 of the act
 any special allowance or benefit, other than those included above
 any allowance granted to the assessee either to meet his personal expenses or
at a place where he ordinarily resides or to compensate him for the increased
cost of living
 capital gains
 any sum chargeable to income tax under section 28 of the income tax
act
 any winnings from lotteries, crossword puzzles, races, including horse
races, card games and games of any sort or from gambling or betting
of any form or nature whatsoever
 any received as contribution to the assessee's provident fund
10
Gross Total Income
 Under the scheme of computation of total

income under the Income Tax Act, the
income falling under each head is to be
computed as per the relevant provisions of
the Act relating to computation of income
under that head. The aggregate of income
under each head is known as 'Gross Total
Income'
11

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TAXES ARE THE PRICES PAID FOR

THE CIVILIZED SOCIETY

Dr Amit Kumar Sinha

 Indian company means a company formed and registered

 The Financial Year in which the income is

 Under the scheme of computation of total

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