Pipeline Slides
Pipeline Slides
Pipeline Slides
INTRODUCTION
Transportation of oil and gas ( practical and
economical )
Classified as flow-lines, feeder lines,
transmission lines, product lines and distribution
lines
Under the sea or buried underground
GENERAL INFORMATION
Tanker versus pipeline
transport
Annual temperature variation
Stiff soils: clays and dense
sand
Type of transportation fluid:
low viscosity, grade 2 fuel oil
(lighter fraction petroleum),
non-sour environment
CORROSION
Destruction in offshore pipelines is
corrosion due to aggressive
environments.
Economical and environmental
consequences
There are four main aspects need to
looked at:
1) Pipeline age.
2) Temperature.
3) Pitting.
CORROSION CONTROL
Impossible
to stop corrosion, Thermal
leads to failure.
spray aluminium
Organic coating
coating
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Fuel Oil
Maximum density 876kg/m3
Temperature
30-60 degree centigrade
Pressure:
API 5L X60:414MPa, X65:448MPa
Velocity
Range: 1-3 m/s This subject: 2.5 m/s
Viscosity
CALCULATIONS
Hookes
Tensile stress:
=Ft/Ao
Law, E:
=E
Elastic
Shear stress:
=Fs/Ao G:
shear modulus,
=G
Elastic
Tensile Bulk
strain:
=/Lo K :
modulus,
P=-k V/Vo
MATERIAL SELECTION
Concrete and Steel: the most suitable materials for petroleum
offshore pipeline design
High Modulus of Elasticity (do not deform easily): 200*109 and over
N/m2
Carbon Steel: cheapest option, high corrosion rates, additional cost
due to inhibition
Stainless Steel: no corrosion, more expensive, not suitable for fluids
with chlorides
Glass Reinforced Epoxy (GRE) or Polyethylene (HDPE): high cost,
special bedding, pressure and temperature limitation
Grade X-60 and X-65
Cost of raw steel cast between $1,600 to $10,000 per tonne
WELDING
Hydro
baric
is two
a method
to materials
weld two or
Welding
is a welding
process process
that joins
or more
more
materials
some marine
infrastructures.
together
to formfor
a fusion
by using
heat.
Used
for special
two purposes:
In some
cases, pressure can be used as a
helping
energy
along heat
-Using
in external
welding some
specific
parts.to form a weld.
-Underwater
Role of pressure
in welding
maintenance
in process:
the future.
- Reducing the melting point of materials
- Acting on materials to form a welded part.
Dangerous destructive factor to welded part: corrosion,
temperature changes or water pressure.
COST OF DESIGN
Cost effective aspect is always important criteria when
comes to designing an infrastructure.
Aspects affecting cost of design: choice of material,
building cost, futuristic failures and maintenance.
CONCLUSION
Final choice of material based on The American Petroleum
Institute (API) standard: Carbon Steel API 5L grade X60 and X65,
wall thickness 1.5 inches.
Yield strengths: 414 and 448 MPa
Minimum temperature of the material: -30C, the average lowest
temperature during winter season is 00C
Shield against sea water: Tar
Insulation: Polyurethane (low thermal conductivity of 0.12 W/m.K,
grade 2 fuel oil may get thicker at temperatures below freezing
because of wax)
Concrete Matt: stabilisation method
RECOMMENDATIONS
Recommendation for improving pipelines efficiency:
- Laying pipeline in S-lay, J-lay or towing method.
- Prolong lifespan of the pipeline by having good
maintenance techniques: pigging.
- Pipeline usually has bends that change the flow from
laminar to turbulent- to introduce more sophisticated
calculation methods.
THANK YOU !
QUESTIONS?