Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements

CHAPTER
15
AC Power
Electronic Instrumentation and
Measurements
MEASUREMENTSYSTEM
Figure
15.1
Figure15.1
DEVICESFORTHEMEASUREMENTOFFLOW
Figure
15.2
Figure15.2
3
JTHERMOCOUPLECIRCUIT
Figure
15.3
Figure15.3
Figure 15.4
COLDJUNCTIONCOMPENSATED
THERMOCOUPLECIRCUIT
Figure15.4
5
EffectofconnectionleadsonRTDmeasurement
Figure
15.5
Figure15.5
6
Figure 15.6
(a)FourwireRTDcircuitand(b)threewire
WheatstonebridgeRTDcircuit
Figure15.6
Measurementsystemandtypesofsignalsources
Figure
15.7
Figure15.7
8
Fi
g
ur
e
1
5.
8
Groundloopingroundreferencedmeasurementsystem
Figure15.8
9
Differential(nonreferenced)measurementsystem
Figure
15.9
Figure15.9
10
Measuringsignalsfromafloatingsource:(a)differentialinput;
(b)signalendedinput
Figure15.10
11
Figure
15.10
Conductivecoupling:groundloopandseparategroundreturns
Figure
15.12
Figure15.12
12
Capacitivecouplingandequivalentcircuitrepresentation
Figure15.13
Figure15.13
13
Inductivecouplingandequivalentcircuitrepresentation
Figure15.14
Figure15.14
14
Shielded Cable Used to Reduce Noise
15
Discreteopampinstrumentationamplifier
Figure
15.16
Figure15.16
16
ICINSTRUMENTATIONAMPLIFIER
Figure15.17
17
Figure
15.17
AD625INSTRUMENTATIONAMPLIFIER
Figure15.18
Figure15.18
18
PROTOTYPELOWPASSFILTERRESPONSE
Figure15.19
Figure15.19
19
Butterworthlowpassfilterfrequencyresponse
Figure15.20
20
Figure 15.20
CHEBYSHEVLOWPASSFILTERFREQUENCYRESPONSE
Figure15.21
21
Figure 15.21
SALLENANDKEYACTIVEFILTERS
Figure
15.22
Figure15.22
22
Frequency response of the low-pass filter :

Figure 15.22
Where,
23
Blockdiagramsofadigitalmeasuringinstrumentanda
digitalcontrolsystem
Figure15.23
Figure15.23
24
ANNBITDIGITALTOANALOGCONVERTER
Figure15.24
Figure15.24
25
A4BITDAC
Figure15.25
26Figure 15.24
R-2R LADDER D/A CONVERTER

Figure 15.25
27
ADIGITALVOLTAGEREPRESENTATIONOFAN
ANALOGVOLTAGE
Figure
15.26
Figure15.26
28
TrackingADC
Figure
15.27
Figure15.27
29
IntegratingADC
Figure15.28
30
Figure 15.28
(a)Blockdiagramof8bitsuccessiveapproximationADC;
(b)A3bitflashADC
Figure
15.29
Figure15.29
31
DESCRIPTIONOFTHESAMPLEANDHOLD
PROCESS
Figure
15.30
Figure15.30
32
Figure 15.31
SAMPLEDDATA
Figure15.31
33
DATAACQUISITIONSYSTEM
Figure15.32
Figure15.32
34
Multiplexedsampleddata
Figure15.33
35 Figure 15.33
OPAMPINOPENLOOPMODE
Figure15.35
Figure15.35
36
Noninvertingopampcomparator
Figure15.36
37 Figure
15.36
Inputandoutputofnoninvertingcomparator
Figure15.37
Figure15.37
38
INPUTANDOUTPUTOFINVERTINGCOMPARATOR
Figure15.38
39 Figure
15.38
COMPARATORWITHOFFSET
Figure15.39
Figure15.39
40
WAVEFORMSOFCOMPARATORWITHOFFSET
Figure15.40
Figure
15.40
41
TRANSFERCHARACTERISTICOFZEROCROSSING
COMPARATOR
Figure
15.41
Figure15.41
42
TRANSFERCHARACTERISTICOFINVERTING
COMPARATORWITHOFFSET
Figure15.42
43 Figure 15.42
COMPARATORRESPONSETONOISYINPUTS
Figure
15.47
Figure15.47
44
TransfercharacteristicoftheSchmitttrigger
Figure15.48
Figure15.48,
15.49
Figure
15.48
45
Schmitttrigger(generalcircuit)
Figure15.49
46
Figure 15.49
SCHMITTTRIGGERRESPONSETONOISYWAVEFORMS
Figure
15.50
Figure15.50
47
Schmitt Trigger with Offset
48
ICMONOSTABLEMULTIVIBRATORWAVEFORMS
Figure
15.53
Figure15.53
49
DUALONESHOTCIRCUIT
Figure15.54
50
Figure 15.54
NE555timer
Figure15.55
Figure15.
55
51
Figure 15.55
52
Figure 15.60
GPIB System with Bus Expander

53
GPIB(General Purpose Interface Bus)

Figure 15.61
54
Description of GPIB(IEEE 488 Bus) Lines

Figure 15.61
55
Figure 15.61
56
IEEE 488 (GPIB) data transmission protocol

Figure 15.62
57
Digital data encoded for analog transmission

Figure 15.63
58
Modulated digital data for mobile telecommunication
CDMA Signal
TDMA Signal
59
Figure 15.63
EIA232 communication function and connector

types for a personal computer and modem. DCE
devices are sometimes called "Data
Communications Equipment" instead of Data
Circuit-terminating Equipment.
60
Communication of a terminal with timesharing computer using

MODEM
Figure 15.64
RS232C Communication with Modem
RS232C Communication without Modem
Format for Asynchronous Serial Data

61
Figure 15.64
62
RS-232C signal names and pin numbers

Figure 15.64
63
Description of RS-232 C Commonly-used Signals
Commonlyused signals
Description
Transmitted
Data (TxD)
Data sent from DTE to DCE.
Received
Data (RxD)
Data sent from DCE to DTE.
Request To
Send (RTS)
Asserted (set to 0) by DTE to prepare DCE to receive data. This may require action on
the part of the DCE, e.g. transmitting a carrier or reversing the direction of a halfduplex channel.
Ready To
Receive (RTR)
Asserted by DTE to indicate to DCE that DTE is ready to receive data. If in use, this
signal appears on the pin that would otherwise be used for Request To Send, and
the DCE assumes that RTS is always asserted.
Clear To
Send (CTS)
Asserted by DCE to acknowledge RTS and allow DTE to transmit. This signaling was
originally used with half-duplex modems and by slave terminals on multidrop lines:
The DTE would raise RTS to indicate that it had data to send, and the modem would
raise CTS to indicate that transmission was possible.
64
Commonlyused signals
Description
Data Terminal
Ready (DTR)
Asserted by DTE to indicate that it is ready to be connected. If the DCE is a modem, this may "wake
up" the modem, bringing it out of a power saving mode. This behaviour is
seen quite often in modern PSTN and GSM modems. When this signal is de-asserted, the modem
may return to its standby mode, immediately hanging up any calls in progress.
Data Set
Ready (DSR)
Asserted by DCE to indicate the DCE is powered on and is ready to receive commands or data for
transmission from the DTE. For example, if the DCE is a modem, DSR is asserted as soon as the
modem is ready to receive dialing or other commands; DSR is not dependent on the connection to the
remote DCE (see Data Carrier Detect for that function). If
the DCE is not a modem (e.g. a null modem cable or other equipment), this signal should be
permanently asserted (set to 0), possibly by a jumper to another signal.
Data Carrier
Detect (DCD)
Asserted by DCE when a connection has been established with remote equipment.
Ring Indicator
(RI)
Asserted by DCE when it detects a ring signal from the telephone line.
65
Figure 15.64
66
USB (Universal Serial Bus)

Figure 15.66
67
USB 2.0 PCI Controller
Figure 15.67
68
Computer Networks
Figure 15.65
69
Concept of Internet Protocol Layer
TCP/IP stack operating on two hosts connected via two

routers and the corresponding layers used at each hop
Encapsulation of application data

descending through the protocol stack.
70
CAN bus line and Frame of CAN message

Figure 15.65
71
Frame format of CAN

Figure 15.65
* Identifier field is composed by 4bits function code and 7 bits node-id by CANopen protocol.
72
Communication objects
Length
Function code
Node ID
RTR
Data length
4 bits
7 bits
1 bit
4 bits
Data
0-8 bytes
Service Data Object (SDO) protocol

3 bits
ccs=1
1 bit
reserved(=0)
2 bits
1 bit
1 bit
2 bytes
index
1 byte
subindex
4 bytes
data
ccs is the client command specifier of the SDO transfer, this is 0 for SDO segment download, 1 for
initiating download, 2 for initiating upload, 3 for SDO segment upload and 4 for aborting an SDO
transfer
n is the number of bytes in the data part of the message which do not contain data, only valid if e
and s are set
e, if set, indicates an expedited transfer , i.e. all data exchanged are contained within the message.
If this bit is cleared then the message is a segmented transfer where the data does not fit into one
message and multiple messages are used.
s, if set, indicates that the date set size is specified in n (if e is set) or in the data part of the message
index is the object directory index of the data to be accessed
subindex is the subindex of the object directory variable
data contains the data to be uploaded in the case of an expedited transfer (e is set), or the size of
the data to be uploaded (s is set, e is not set)
Process Data Object (PDO) protocol

73
74
75
76

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CHAPTER

Shielded Cable Used to Reduce Noise

Frequency response of the low-pass filter :

R-2R LADDER D/A CONVERTER

Schmitt Trigger with Offset

GPIB System with Bus Expander

GPIB(General Purpose Interface Bus)

Description of GPIB(IEEE 488 Bus) Lines

IEEE 488 (GPIB) data transmission protocol

Digital data encoded for analog transmission

Modulated digital data for mobile telecommunication

EIA232 communication function and connector

Communication of a terminal with timesharing computer using

RS232C Communication with Modem

RS232C Communication without Modem

Format for Asynchronous Serial Data

RS-232C signal names and pin numbers

Description of RS-232 C Commonly-used Signals

Data sent from DTE to DCE.

Data sent from DCE to DTE.

USB (Universal Serial Bus)

USB 2.0 PCI Controller

Concept of Internet Protocol Layer

TCP/IP stack operating on two hosts connected via two

Encapsulation of application data

CAN bus line and Frame of CAN message

Frame format of CAN

Service Data Object (SDO) protocol

Process Data Object (PDO) protocol

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