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    Reversible Reactions

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    jt
    Reversible Reactions

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Reversible Reactions

    Uploaded by

    jt
    259 views39 pages
    Reversible Reactions

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    Reversible Reactions

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    259 views39 pages

    Reversible Reactions

    Uploaded by

    jt
    Reversible Reactions

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
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    At a glance
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    Chemical reactions can either be reversible or irreversible. Irreversible reactions cannot readily change back into the original reactants, while reversible reactions can change back under certain conditions.

    Irreversible reactions produce products that cannot readily change back into reactants, like burning wood. Reversible reactions allow products to change back into reactants, like oxygen binding to hemoglobin.

    The Haber process uses conditions of 450°C and 200 atmospheres. This 'Haber compromise' aims to have an acceptable yield in a reasonable time frame while keeping costs down by balancing reaction rate and equipment requirements.

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    Irreversible reactions
    Most chemical reactions are considered irreversible
    the products that are made cannot readily be changed
    back into their reactants.
    For example, when wood burns
    it is impossible to turn it back
    into unburnt wood again!
    Similarly, when magnesium
    reacts with hydrochloric acid
    to form magnesium chloride
    and hydrogen, it is not easy
    to reverse the reaction and
    obtain the magnesium.
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    What are reversible reactions?


    Reversible reactions occur when the backwards reaction
    (products reactants) takes place relatively easily under
    certain conditions. The products turn back into the reactants.
    A

    +
    (reactants)

    (products)

    For example, during a reversible reaction reactants A


    and B react to make products C and D.
    However, products C and D can also undergo the reverse
    reaction, and react together to form reactants A and B.
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    Reversible and irreversible reactions


    What kind of reactions are reversible and irreversible?

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    Reversible biochemical reactions


    Many biochemical reactions (those that take place inside
    organisms) are reversible.
    For example, in the lungs, oxygen binds to haemoglobin
    (Hb) in red blood cells to create oxyhaemoglobin.
    When the red blood cells are transported to tissues, the
    oxyhaemoglobin dissociates back to haemoglobin and
    oxygen.
    Hb

    4O2

    Hb.4O2

    There are also some very important industrial reactions,


    like the Haber process, that are reversible.
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    Heating copper sulfate

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    Heating ammonium chloride


    An ammonium salt can be made by reacting ammonia
    with an acid. Some of the salt will decompose back into
    the reactants when heated.
    ammonia

    hydrogen
    chloride

    NH3 (g)

    HCl (g)

    NH4Cl decomposes
    back into NH3 and
    HCl gases when
    heated
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    ammonium
    chloride
    NH4Cl (s)
    NH4Cl reforms in
    the cooler part
    of the test tube

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    Reversible or irreversible?

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    What is dynamic equilibrium?


    In some reversible reactions, the forward and backward
    reactions largely occur in the same conditions and at the
    same rate.
    These reactions are said to be in dynamic equilibrium
    there is no overall change in the amount of products and
    reactants, even though the reactions are ongoing.
    reactant A

    reactant B

    product

    +
    Dynamic equilibrium can only take place in a closed system,
    otherwise the products would escape.
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    What happens in dynamic equilibrium?


    What is special about the forward and backward reactions
    at dynamic equilibrium?

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    Setting dynamic equilibrium


    The position of dynamic
    equilibrium is not always at a
    half-way point, i.e. when there are
    equal amounts of products and
    reactants. It may be at a position
    where there are mainly reactants
    with a little product, or vice versa.
    The position of equilibrium is influenced by two main factors:
    temperature
    concentration (or pressure for reactions involving gases)
    Adding a catalyst speeds up the time it takes to reach
    equilibrium, but does not change the position of equilibrium.
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    True or false?

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    Opposing change
    Whenever a change is made to a reversible reaction in
    dynamic equilibrium, the equilibrium will shift to try and
    oppose the change.
    Condition

    Effect

    Temperature

    Increasing the temperature shifts the


    equilibrium in the direction that takes in heat.

    Concentration Increasing the concentration of a substance


    shifts the equilibrium in the direction that
    produces less of that substance.
    Pressure

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    Increasing the pressure shifts the equilibrium


    in the direction that produces less gas.

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    Exothermic and endothermic reactions


    All reactions are exothermic (give out heat) in one direction
    and endothermic (take in heat) in the other.
    If the temperature is increased:
    equilibrium shifts to decrease the temperature
    equilibrium shifts in the endothermic direction

    If the temperature is decreased:


    equilibrium shifts to increase the temperature
    equilibrium shifts in the exothermic direction

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    Opposing changes in temperature


    Nitrogen dioxide is in constant equilibrium with dinitrogen
    tetroxide. The forward reaction is exothermic and the
    backwards reaction is endothermic.
    nitrogen dioxide

    dinitrogen tetroxide

    2NO2 (g)

    N2O4 (g)

    What will happen if the temperature is increased?


    The equilibrium will shift to decrease the temperature,
    i.e. to the left (endothermic).
    More NO2 will be produced.
    If the temperature is decreased, more N2O4 will be produced.
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    Concentration and equilibrium


    Changing the concentration of a substance affects the
    equilibrium of reversible reactions involving solutions.
    increasing the
    concentration of
    substance A

    decreasing the
    concentration of
    substance A

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    equilibrium shifts to
    decrease the amount of
    substance A

    equilibrium shifts to
    increase the amount of
    substance A

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    Opposing changes in concentration (1)


    Bismuth chloride reacts with water to produce a white
    precipitate of bismuth oxychloride and hydrochloric acid.
    bismuth
    chloride
    BiCl3 (aq)

    water

    bismuth
    oxychloride

    hydrochloric
    acid

    H2O (l)

    BiOCl (s)

    2HCl (aq)

    What will happen if more H2O is added?


    The equilibrium will shift to decrease the amount of
    water, i.e. to the right.
    More BiOCl and HCl will be produced.
    If H2O is removed, more BiCl3 and H2O will be produced.
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    Opposing changes in concentration (2)


    Chlorine gas reacts with iodine chloride to produce
    iodine trichloride.
    chlorine

    Cl2 (g)

    pale green

    iodine
    chloride
    ICl (l)
    brown

    iodine
    trichloride
    ICl3 (s)
    yellow

    What effect will adding more Cl2


    have on the colour of the mixture?

    It will become
    more yellow.

    What effect will removing Cl2


    have on the colour of the mixture?

    It will become
    more brown.

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    Pressure and equilibrium


    Changing the pressure has an effect on the equilibrium of
    reversible reactions involving gases.
    If the pressure is increased:
    equilibrium shifts to decrease the pressure
    equilibrium shifts in the direction of fewest
    molecules
    If the pressure is decreased:
    equilibrium shifts to increase the pressure
    equilibrium shifts in the direction of most
    molecules
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    Opposing changes in pressure


    Nitrogen dioxide is in constant equilibrium with dinitrogen
    tetroxide. Two molecules of nitrogen dioxide react to form
    one molecule of dinitrogen tetroxide.
    nitrogen dioxide

    dinitrogen tetroxide

    2NO2 (g)

    N2O4 (g)

    What will happen if the pressure is increased?


    The equilibrium will shift to reduce the number of
    molecules, i.e. to the right (only 1 molecule).
    More N2O4 will be produced.
    If the pressure is decreased, more NO2 will be produced.
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    Dynamic equilibrium and change

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    What is ammonia?
    Ammonia is an important compound
    in the manufacture of fertilizer and
    other chemicals such as cleaning
    fluids and floor waxes.
    It is made industrially by reacting
    nitrogen with hydrogen in the Haber
    process. It is a reversible reaction,
    so it never goes to completion.
    Why is this a problem for companies
    making ammonia?
    nitrogen

    hydrogen

    ammonia

    N2 (g)

    3H2 (g)

    2NH3 (g)

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    The Haber process

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    What is yield?
    The amount of product made in a reaction is called the
    yield and is usually expressed as a percentage.

    ammonia yield (%)

    The yield of ammonia produced by the Haber process


    depends on the temperature and pressure of the reaction.

    pressure (atm)
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    What is the Haber compromise?


    The highest yield of ammonia
    is theoretically produced by
    using a low temperature and
    a high pressure.
    In practice, these conditions
    are not used. Why?
    Lowering the temperature slows down the rate of reaction.
    This means it takes longer for ammonia to be produced.
    Increasing the pressure means stronger, more expensive
    equipment is needed. This increases the cost of producing
    the ammonia.
    A compromise is reached to make an acceptable yield in
    a reasonable timeframe while keeping costs down.
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    Temperature, pressure and yield

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    Changing the yield of ammonia

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    The Haber compromise


    To produce a high yield of ammonia, but with a fast rate
    of reaction and without the need for overly expensive
    equipment, the Haber process is carried out at 450 C
    and 200 atmospheres.
    The most important factor in
    deciding what conditions to use is
    therefore not yield, but total cost.
    What costs are involved in
    the industrial production of
    ammonia?
    raw materials

    energy

    equipment

    wages

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    Maximizing productivity
    What else can be done to maximise productivity in the
    manufacture of ammonia?
    An iron catalyst is used to increase the rate of
    reaction. It speeds up both the forward and backward
    reaction, so the position of equilibrium is not affected.
    The ammonia is cooled, liquefied and then removed
    as it is produced. This causes the equilibrium to shift to
    the right to produce more ammonia.
    Unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled and
    given another chance to react.

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    Temperature, pressure and yield

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    Stages of the Haber process

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    Glossary
    closed system A system in which reactants and
    products cannot be added or removed once the reaction has
    begun.
    dynamic An equilibrium in which the forward and
    backward reactions take place at the same rate, so no overall
    change takes place.
    Haber process The industrial-scale process for making
    ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen.
    irreversible A reaction that is impossible or very difficult
    to reverse.
    reversible A reaction in which the product(s) can be
    turned back into the reactants.
    yield The amount of product obtained from a reaction,
    usually expressed as a percentage.
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    Anagrams

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    Multiple-choice quiz

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