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    Introduction To Research Methods: Why Do We Need Research?

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    Mustafa Khandgawi
    Research is a systematic process of investigating problems to discover answers through applying scientific methods. It involves carefully planning and designing studies to test hypotheses and answer specific questions. Good research has clear objectives, uses accurate and reliable methods, and draws justified conclusions. Researchers must be knowledgeable in their field, logical, and careful in their work. The overall research process involves reviewing relevant literature and concepts, formulating hypotheses and study designs, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting and reporting results. Developing a clear research protocol is important to ensure high quality research.

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    Introduction To Research Methods: Why Do We Need Research?

    Uploaded by

    Mustafa Khandgawi
    21 views24 pages
    Research is a systematic process of investigating problems to discover answers through applying scientific methods. It involves carefully planning and designing studies to test hypotheses and answer specific questions. Good research has clear objectives, uses accurate and reliable methods, and draws justified conclusions. Researchers must be knowledgeable in their field, logical, and careful in their work. The overall research process involves reviewing relevant literature and concepts, formulating hypotheses and study designs, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting and reporting results. Developing a clear research protocol is important to ensure high quality research.

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    Research Methods

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    Research is a systematic process of investigating problems to discover answers through applying scientific methods. It involves carefully planning and designing studies to test hypotheses and answer specific questions. Good research has clear objectives, uses accurate and reliable methods, and draws justified conclusions. Researchers must be knowledgeable in their field, logical, and careful in their work. The overall research process involves reviewing relevant literature and concepts, formulating hypotheses and study designs, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting and reporting results. Developing a clear research protocol is important to ensure high quality research.

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    21 views24 pages

    Introduction To Research Methods: Why Do We Need Research?

    Uploaded by

    Mustafa Khandgawi
    Research is a systematic process of investigating problems to discover answers through applying scientific methods. It involves carefully planning and designing studies to test hypotheses and answer specific questions. Good research has clear objectives, uses accurate and reliable methods, and draws justified conclusions. Researchers must be knowledgeable in their field, logical, and careful in their work. The overall research process involves reviewing relevant literature and concepts, formulating hypotheses and study designs, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting and reporting results. Developing a clear research protocol is important to ensure high quality research.

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    of 24

    Introduction to Research methods:

    Why do we need research?

    Introduction to Research methods:


    Why do we need research?
    Session Objectives

    What is a Research ?
    Why is medical research important ?
    How to start a research project ?
    What is a criteria of a researcher and a research
    project ?
    What is the outline of a research protocol ?

    What is Research
    -Research is an Endeavour to discover answers to intellectual and
    practical problems through the application of scientific method.

    -Research is the systematic process of collecting and analyzing


    information (data) in order to increase our understanding of
    the phenomenon about which we are concerned or interested.

    SCIENTIFIC METHOD

    Science refers to the body of systematic and


    organized knowledge which makes use of
    scientific method to acquire knowledge in a
    particular field of enquiry.

    Scientific method is the systematic collection of


    data (facts) and their theoretical treatment
    through proper observation, experimentation
    and interpretation.

    Research Experiments in Laboratories


    France 1822

    Pasteur ; the chemist who transformed medicine

    Jenner giving first small pox vaccine; taking a material from milkmaid infected with cowpox
    Who is seen taking care of her hand

    Yellow Fever

    Pace of Change in Medicine


    Changing patterns of diseases
    Demographic transition & longevity
    Variation in patient population and
    clinical care in various geographical
    regions differs for many reasons

    MODEL OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIFFERENT TYPES OF RESEARCH

    Epidemiological

    Biomedical

    Statistical
    Behavioral

    Social &
    economic

    Health
    systems
    research

    Policy making,
    planning,
    Management
    evaluation

    Causal model of risk factors for


    CVD
    Morbidity and Mortality
    (Stroke, MI)

    Biological Risk Factors


    (Hypertension, Blood Lipids, Homocysteine)

    Genetic Risk Factors

    Behavioral Risk Factors

    (Family History)

    (Cigarette, Diet, Exercise)

    Environmental Factors
    (Socioeconomic Status, Work Environment)

    Clinical Research
    Clinical research involves working with
    human subjects to answer questions
    relevant to their well-being

    How To Do Research
    Start with defining the question
    Write down a clear aim
    Divide the problem into smaller, answerable
    questions

    How To Do Research
    Develop hypotheses
    Decide what data is needed to test the
    hypotheses
    Refine the above and check the line of
    thought

    Good Research
    CLEAR
    Essential for both the problem and the answer

    ACCURATE
    Exactness and precision come from hard work
    and responsible effort

    RELIABLE
    If repeated will the answer be the same?

    CRITERIA OF A GOOD RESEARCH

    Purpose clearly defined.


    Research process detailed.
    Research design thoroughly planned.
    High ethical standards applied.
    Limitations openly revealed.
    Adequate analysis for decision makers needs.
    Findings presented unambiguously.
    Conclusions justified.

    Researcher Qualities

    Knowledgeable
    Observant
    Logical
    Open-minded
    Honest
    Motivated
    Independent
    Flexible
    Careful

    Curious
    Eager to learn
    Perceptive
    Persistent
    Patient
    Original
    Creative

    Getting Started

    Learn your subject


    Read, Read, Read
    Start general and then focus
    Begin with the problem

    Getting Started
    Formulate the problem as a research
    questions
    Reduce the questions to a best single
    unambiguous question that is well-defined
    and answerable

    Stages in Creativity
    SENSE
    Realize the need for a study

    PREPARE
    Gather relevant information

    INCUBATE
    Think through the problem

    ILLUMINATE
    Imagine possible solutions

    VERIFY
    Evaluate the solutions you have generated

    RESEARCH PROCESS
    Review the literature

    Define
    Research
    Problem

    Review
    Concepts
    And
    theories
    Review
    Previous
    Research
    findings

    II

    Formulate
    hypothesis

    Design
    Research
    (Including
    Sample
    Design)

    Collect
    Data
    (Execution)

    III

    IV

    Analyse
    Data
    (Test
    Hypothesis
    if any)

    VI

    Interpret
    and
    report

    VII

    THERE ARE ONLY A HANDFUL


    OF WAYS TO DO A STUDY
    PROPELY BUT A THOUSAND
    WAYS TO DO IT WRONG --Sackett (1986)

    Protocol Development
    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.
    5.
    6.
    7.
    8.
    9.

    Research Question
    Hypotheses
    Objectives
    Background
    Design
    Subjects
    Variables
    Data Collection
    Quality control

    10. Data Management


    11. Sample size
    12. Plan of Analysis
    13. Ethical issues
    14. Budget
    15. Report results
    16. Institution capacity
    17. Administration
    18. Work Plan

    References
    Stephen B Hulley. Designing Clinical Research. Chapter
    1 . Getting Started: The Anatomy and Physiology of
    Clinical Research . Pages 3-15. 3rd Edition . Wolters
    Kluwer Health Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2007
    Daniel P Schuster & William J Powers. Translational and
    Experimental Clinical Research. Introduction: The value of
    Translational and Experimental Clinical Research. Pages:
    xv-xxi Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2005

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