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    Intro To Distillation

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    callielizza
    This document provides an introduction and overview of separation processes using distillation. It discusses key aspects of distillation including: - Distillation is a common separation technique that uses significant energy for heating and cooling to separate liquid mixtures based on differences in boiling points. - There are different types of distillation columns including batch vs continuous, binary vs multi-component, and different column internals like trays and packings. - Basic distillation equipment includes the column, reboiler, condenser, and reflux drum. Key concepts are also explained like feed, distillate, reflux, operating lines. - Different tray, reboiler, and distillation column designs are discussed to enhance

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Intro To Distillation

    Uploaded by

    callielizza
    167 views33 pages
    This document provides an introduction and overview of separation processes using distillation. It discusses key aspects of distillation including: - Distillation is a common separation technique that uses significant energy for heating and cooling to separate liquid mixtures based on differences in boiling points. - There are different types of distillation columns including batch vs continuous, binary vs multi-component, and different column internals like trays and packings. - Basic distillation equipment includes the column, reboiler, condenser, and reflux drum. Key concepts are also explained like feed, distillate, reflux, operating lines. - Different tray, reboiler, and distillation column designs are discussed to enhance

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    Intro to Distillation

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    This document provides an introduction and overview of separation processes using distillation. It discusses key aspects of distillation including: - Distillation is a common separation technique that uses significant energy for heating and cooling to separate liquid mixtures based on differences in boiling points. - There are different types of distillation columns including batch vs continuous, binary vs multi-component, and different column internals like trays and packings. - Basic distillation equipment includes the column, reboiler, condenser, and reflux drum. Key concepts are also explained like feed, distillate, reflux, operating lines. - Different tray, reboiler, and distillation column designs are discussed to enhance

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    167 views33 pages

    Intro To Distillation

    Uploaded by

    callielizza
    This document provides an introduction and overview of separation processes using distillation. It discusses key aspects of distillation including: - Distillation is a common separation technique that uses significant energy for heating and cooling to separate liquid mixtures based on differences in boiling points. - There are different types of distillation columns including batch vs continuous, binary vs multi-component, and different column internals like trays and packings. - Basic distillation equipment includes the column, reboiler, condenser, and reflux drum. Key concepts are also explained like feed, distillate, reflux, operating lines. - Different tray, reboiler, and distillation column designs are discussed to enhance

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 33
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways are that distillation is the most common separation technique but consumes a lot of energy. It can separate mixtures into their component fractions.

    The main types of distillation columns are batch columns, continuous columns, binary columns, multi-component columns, and multi-product columns.

    The main components of a distillation column are the shell, internals like trays or packings, a reboiler, a condenser, and a reflux drum.

    Separation Processes

    Introduction to

    Prepared by:
    Engr. Rejie C. Magnaye

    DISTILLATION
    Distillation is defined as: a process in which a
    liquid or vapour mixture of two or more
    substances is separated into its component
    fractions of desired purity, by the application
    and removal of heat.
    Although many people have a fair idea what
    distillation means, the important aspects that seem
    to be missed from the manufacturing point of view are
    that:
    distillation is the most common separation technique
    because
    it consumes enormous amounts of energy, both in
    terms of cooling and heating requirements

    Types of Distillation
    Columns

    Batch Columns In batch operation, the feed to the


    column is introduced batch-wise. That is, the column
    is charged with a 'batch' and then the distillation
    process is carried out. When the desired task is
    achieved, a next batch of feed is introduced.

    Continuous Columns In contrast, continuous


    columns process a continuous feed stream. No
    interruptions occur unless there is a problem with the
    column or surrounding process units. They are
    capable of handling high throughputs and are the
    most common of the two types. We shall concentrate
    only on this class of columns.

    Types of Continuous
    Columns
    a. the nature of the feed that they are processing,
    binary column - feed contains only two components
    multi-component column - feed contains more than two
    components
    b. the number of product streams they have
    multi-product column - column has more than two product
    stream
    c. where the extra feed exits when it is used to help with
    the separation,
    extractive distillation - where the extra feed appears in the
    bottom product
    stream
    azeotropic distillation - where the extra feed appears at the
    top product stream
    d. the type of column internals
    tray column - where trays of various designs are used to hold

    BASIC DISTILLATION
    EQUIPMENT AND OPERATION
    Main Components of Distillation
    Columns

    a vertical shell where the


    separation of liquid components is
    carried out
    column internals such as
    trays/plates and/or packings
    which are used to enhance
    component separations
    a reboiler to provide the
    necessary vaporisation for the
    distillation process
    a condenser to cool and condense
    the vapour leaving the top of the
    column
    a reflux drum to hold the
    condensed vapour from the top of
    the column so that liquid (reflux)
    can be recycled back to the
    column

    Basic Operation and


    Terminology
    Feed the liquid mixture that is to
    be processed and this is introduced
    usually somewhere near the middle
    of the column to a tray known as the
    feed tray.
    The feed tray divides the column
    into a top (enriching or rectification)
    section and a bottom (stripping)
    section. The feed flows down the
    column where it is collected at the
    bottom in the reboiler. Heat is
    supplied to the reboiler to generate
    vapour.
    The vapour raised in the reboiler is

    Basic Operation and


    Terminology

    The vapour moves up the column, and as it exits the top of the
    unit, it is cooled by a condenser. The condensed liquid is stored
    in a holding vessel known as the reflux drum. Some of this
    liquid is recycled back to the top of the column and this is
    called the reflux. The condensed liquid that is removed from
    the system is known as the distillate or top product.
    Thus, there are internal flows of vapour and liquid within the
    column as well as external flows of feeds and product streams,
    into and out of the column.

    COLUMN INTERNALS
    Trays and Plates

    Bubble cap trays. A bubble


    cap tray has riser or chimney
    fitted over each hole, and a
    cap that covers the riser. The
    cap is mounted so that there
    is a space between riser and
    cap to allow the passage of
    vapour. Vapour rises through
    the chimney and is directed
    downward by the cap, finally
    discharging through slots in

    COLUMN INTERNALS
    Trays and Plates

    Valve trays. In valve trays,


    perforations are covered by
    liftable caps. Vapour flows
    lifts the caps, thus self
    creating a flow area for the
    passage of vapour. The lifting
    cap directs the vapour to
    flow horizontally into the
    liquid, thus providing better
    mixing than is possible in
    sieve trays.

    COLUMN INTERNALS
    Trays and Plates

    Sieve trays .Sieve trays


    are simply metal plates with
    holes in them. Vapour
    passes straight upward
    through the liquid on the
    plate. The arrangement,
    number and size of the
    holes are design
    parameters.

    Tray Designs
    A tray essentially acts as a minicolumn, each accomplishing a fraction
    of the separation task. From this we
    can deduce that the more trays there
    are, the better the degree of
    separation and that overall separation
    efficiency will depend significantly on
    the design of the tray. Trays are
    designed to maximise vapour-liquid
    contact by considering the liquid
    distribution and vapour distribution on
    the tray. This is because better vapourliquid contact means better separation
    at each tray, translating to better

    Packings

    Packings are passive devices that are


    designed to increase the interfacial
    area for vapour-liquid contact.

    COLUMN REBOILERS

    There are a number of designs of reboilers. They


    can be regarded as heat-exchangers that are
    required to transfer enough energy to bring the
    liquid at the bottom of the column to boiling boint.
    The following are examples of typical reboiler
    types.

    COLUMN REBOILERS

    Tube Bundle

    DISTILLATION PRINCIPLES
    Separation of components from a liquid mixture via distillation
    depends on the differences in boiling points of the individual
    components. Also, depending on the concentrations of the
    components present, the liquid mixture will have different
    boiling point characteristics. Therefore, distillation processes
    depends on the vapour pressure characteristics of liquid
    Vapour
    Pressure and Boiling
    mixtures.
    energy input raises vapour pressure
    vapour pressure is related to boiling
    a liquid is said to boil when its vapour pressure equals the
    surrounding pressure
    the ease with which a liquid boils depends on its volatility
    liquids with high vapour pressures (volatile liquids) will boil at
    lower temperatures
    the vapour pressure and hence the boiling point of a liquid
    mixture depends on the relative amounts of the components in the
    mixture

    The Boiling Point Diagram


    The dew-point is the
    temperature at which
    the saturated vapour
    starts to condense.
    The bubble-point is the
    temperature at which
    the liquid starts to boil.
    The region above the dewpoint curve shows the
    equilibrium composition of
    the superheated vapour
    while the region below the
    bubble-point curve shows
    the equilibrium composition

    Relative Volatility
    Relative volatility is a measure of the
    differences in volatility between 2
    components, and hence their boiling
    points. It indicates how easy or
    difficult a particular separation will be.
    The relative volatility of component i
    with respect to component j is
    defined as
    yi = mole fraction of component i
    in the vapour
    xi = mole fraction of component i
    in the liquid

    Vapor Liquid Equilbria


    Distillation columns are designed
    based on the boiling point properties
    of the components in the mixtures
    being separated. Thus the sizes,
    particularly the height, of distillation
    columns are determined by the
    vapour liquid equilibrium (VLE) data
    for the mixtures.

    Vapor Liquid Equilbrium


    Curves
    Constant pressure VLE
    data is obtained from
    boiling point diagrams.
    VLE data of binary
    mixtures is often
    presented as a plot, as
    shown in the figure on
    the right. The VLE plot
    expresses the bubblepoint and the dew-point
    of a binary mixture at
    constant pressure. The
    curved line is called the
    equilibrium line and

    Vapor Liquid Equilbrium


    Curves
    An azeotrope is a liquid mixture which when
    vaporised, produces the same composition as the
    liquid. The two VLE plots below, show two different
    azeotropic systems, one with a minimum boiling point
    and one with a maximum boiling point. In both plots,
    the equilibrium curves cross the diagonal lines, and this
    are azeotropic points where the azeotropes occur. In
    other words azeotropic systems give rise to VLE plots
    where the equilibrium curves crosses the diagonals.

    Vapor Liquid Equilbrium


    Curves
    The design procedure is simple. Given
    the VLE diagram of the binary mixture,
    operating lines are drawn first. Operating
    lines define the mass balance relationships
    between the liquid and vapour phases in
    the column. There is one operating line for
    the bottom (stripping) section of the
    column, and on for the top (rectification or
    enriching) section of the column. Use of the
    constant molar overflow assumption also
    ensures the the operating lines are straight

    Simple Distillation

    In simple distillation, all


    the hot vapors produced
    are
    immediately
    channeled
    into
    a
    condenser which cools and
    condenses the vapors.
    Therefore, the distillate
    will not be pure its
    composition
    will
    be
    identical
    to
    the
    composition of the vapors
    at the given temperature
    and pressure.

    Fractional
    Distillation

    For many cases, the boiling


    points of the components in
    the
    mixture
    will
    be
    sufficiently
    close
    that
    Raoult's law must be taken
    into consideration.
    Therefore,
    fractional
    distillation must be used in
    order
    to
    separate
    the
    components
    well
    by
    repeated
    vaporizationContinuous fractional distillation
    condensation cycles within
    tower separating one feed mixture
    packed
    fractionating
    stream into four distillate and one a
    bottoms fractions
    column.

    Batch Distillation
    In differential distillation a feed
    mixture (an initial charge) of a
    given composition is placed in
    a single stage separator and
    heated to boiling. The vapor is
    collected and condensed to a
    distillate. The composition of
    the remaining liquid and the
    distillate are functions of time.

    Reasons for running a batch process

    1)

    Small

    capacity

    doesnt

    warrant

    continuous

    operation
    2) Separation is to be done only occasionally
    3) Separation is preparative to produce a new product
    4) Upstream operations are batch-wise or feed-stocks
    vary with time or from batch to batch
    5) Feed materials are not appropriate for a continuous
    flow system

    Continuous distillation

    A mixture is continuously fed into the process


    and

    separated

    fractions

    are

    removed

    continuously as output streams as time passes


    during the operation.
    In practice when there are multiple distillate
    fractions, each of the distillate exit points is
    located at different heights on a fractionating
    column. The bottoms fraction can be taken
    from the bottom of the distillation column or
    unit, but is often taken from a reboiler

    Continuous binary
    fractional distillation tower.

    Continuous fractional distillation


    tower separating one feed mixture
    stream into four distillate and one
    bottoms fractions

    Flash Distillation
    Equilibrium distillation (Flash distillation) is a single
    stage separation technique. A liquid mixture feed is
    pumped through a heater to raise the temperature
    of the mixture. It then flows through a valve and the
    pressure is reduced, causing the liquid to partially
    vaporize. Once the mixture enters a big enough
    volume, the liquid and vapor separate.
    Because the vapor and
    liquid are in such close
    contact up until the "flash"
    occurs, the product liquid
    and
    vapor
    phases
    approach equilibrium.

    Flash Distillation
    The flash distillation process

    Condenser

    consists of three parts.


    a. Vaporizing a definite fraction
    Throttle

    of the liquid ;

    c. Condensing the vapor.

    Overhead
    Product

    Heater

    b. Separating the vapor from the


    liquid;

    Separator

    Bottom
    Product

    Flash Distillation

    Flash Distillation

    Features

    a. Continuous steady state


    Operating conditions (T & P)

    Condenser

    are constant.
    b. Compositions & flow rates of
    feed , products of overhead
    and bottom are constant
    c. There is equilibrium always

    Throttle

    Separator

    Overhead
    Product

    Heater

    Bottom
    Product

    between phases of vapor and liquid .


    Flash Distillation

    Rayleigh Distillation
    Vapor
    x

    i
    L'
    dxi

    ln '
    L0 xio yi xi

    Heat

    Liquid Charge

    L, xi remaining liquid and mole fraction at any subsequent time


    L0, xi0 initial liquid amount and mole fraction

    Rayleigh Distillation
    (Contd)

    For binary mixture when ij is constant


    y i / xi
    ij
    yj / xj

    yi

    ij .xi
    1 ( ij 1).xi

    L'
    ln '
    L0

    xi (1 xi 0 )
    1 xi 0
    1

    ln
    ln
    1 xi
    ij 1 xi 0 (1 xi )

    Video Clip Presentation

    CRUDE OIL DISTILLATION


    PART I
    CRUDE OIL DISTILLATION PART II

    - The End
    THANK YOU!!!

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