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    Indices and Logarithms

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    Sforazzura Suhaimi
    Indices allow large numbers to be written more concisely as a base and an exponent. There are several laws for manipulating indices, including: 1) Multiplication of indices with the same base: am × an = am+n 2) Division of indices with the same base: am ÷ an = am-n 3) Raising an index to a power: (am)n = amn 4) (ab)n = an × bn Indices can represent roots, such as a1/2 representing the square root of a. Zero indices result in 1, and negative indices are expressed as fractional indices. Examples demonstrate solving equations using index laws.

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    Indices and Logarithms

    Uploaded by

    Sforazzura Suhaimi
    308 views12 pages
    Indices allow large numbers to be written more concisely as a base and an exponent. There are several laws for manipulating indices, including: 1) Multiplication of indices with the same base: am × an = am+n 2) Division of indices with the same base: am ÷ an = am-n 3) Raising an index to a power: (am)n = amn 4) (ab)n = an × bn Indices can represent roots, such as a1/2 representing the square root of a. Zero indices result in 1, and negative indices are expressed as fractional indices. Examples demonstrate solving equations using index laws.

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    Nota untuk rujukan pelajar

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    Index

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    Indices allow large numbers to be written more concisely as a base and an exponent. There are several laws for manipulating indices, including: 1) Multiplication of indices with the same base: am × an = am+n 2) Division of indices with the same base: am ÷ an = am-n 3) Raising an index to a power: (am)n = amn 4) (ab)n = an × bn Indices can represent roots, such as a1/2 representing the square root of a. Zero indices result in 1, and negative indices are expressed as fractional indices. Examples demonstrate solving equations using index laws.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    308 views12 pages

    Indices and Logarithms

    Uploaded by

    Sforazzura Suhaimi
    Indices allow large numbers to be written more concisely as a base and an exponent. There are several laws for manipulating indices, including: 1) Multiplication of indices with the same base: am × an = am+n 2) Division of indices with the same base: am ÷ an = am-n 3) Raising an index to a power: (am)n = amn 4) (ab)n = an × bn Indices can represent roots, such as a1/2 representing the square root of a. Zero indices result in 1, and negative indices are expressed as fractional indices. Examples demonstrate solving equations using index laws.

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    CHAPTER 5

    INDICES AND
    LOGARITHMS

    What is Indices?
    Examples of numbers in index
    form.
    33
    (3 cubed or 3 to the power of 3)
    25
    (2 to the power of 5)

    3 and 5 are known as indices.


    27=33, 3 is a base and 3 is an index
    32=25, 2 is a base and 5 is an index
    So , why we use indices?
    Indices can make large numbers
    much more manageable, as a
    large number can be reduced to
    just a base and an index.
    Eg: 1,048,576
    = 220
    LAWS OF INDICES
    Multiplication of indices with same base:
    am  an = am + n
    bm + n = bm  bn
    Example:
    x4 x3 = x4 + 3 = x7
    1
    y4y7 = y4+(-7) = y3 = y 3

    2x+3 = 2x  23 = 8(2x)
    3 = 3 3 = 3
    y – 2 y 2
    y
     
    1
    32
    Division of indices with same base:
    am ÷ an = am  n
    bm  n = bm ÷ bn
    Example: 9
    c
    4 = c9  4 = c5
    c
    x
    3
    3x-2 = 2
    3
    4p 2 p 25
    1 3 1
    5 
     p  3
    12p 3 3 3p
    Raising an index to a power
    (am)n = amn
    bmn = (bm)n
    EXAMPLE:
    (b4)3 = b43 = b12
    (32)3 = 323 = 36
    (2x)2 = 22x
    (2y+1)3 = 23y + 3
    32c = (3c)2
    (ab)n = anbn
    EXAMPLE:
    (xy)3 = x3  y3

    2 3  33 = 6 3

    (ab)-2 = a-2  b-2


    
    n n
    a a
     n
    Law 5: b b

    
    EXAMPLE: 2 2
    2 2
     2
    3 3

     b  a
    2 2 2
    a  a  b
    2
    b

     2   5  5 25
    2 2 2
    5  2 2  4
    2
    Other properties of index
    Zero index: a0 = 1, a  0
    1
    Negative index: a  n
    -n
    a
    1
    Fractional index:
    a  a n n

     a
    m m
    a  a 
    n n m n

     
    2 2
    64 
    3 3
    64 4 2
    
    n n
    a a
     n
    Law 5: b b

    
    EXAMPLE: 2 2
    2 2
     2
    3 3

     b  a
    2 2 2
    a  a  b
    2
    b

     2   5  5 25
    2 2 2
    5  2 2  4
    2
    Example
    Solve
    (a) 91 – x = 27
    1
    (b) 2 p + 1 43 – p = 16
    (c) Solve the simultaneous equation
    2x.42y = 8
    1
    5 .25 = 125
    x -y

    (d) 4x+3 – 4x+2 = 6


    Solution
    (a) x = -0.5
    (b) p = 11
    (c) x = -1, y = 1
    (d) x = -1.5

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