Powders
Powders
Powders
Powders
Advantages of Powders:
Disadvantages of Powders
1-Time-consuming preparation
2-Inaccuracy of dose- size of measuring
spoon, density of powder, humidity, degree
of settling , fluffiness.
3-Unsuitability for many unpleasant tasting,
hygroscopic and deliquescent drugs
Types of Powders
1- Divided powders
- packets
- cachets
- capsules
2- Bulk (Undivided) powders
- dusting powder
- effervescent powder
- antacids, laxatives, dietary
nutrient supplements.
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Sieving
Particles are passed by mechanical shaking through a
series of sieves of known and successively smaller
size and the proportion of powder passing through or
being withheld on each sieve is determined (range
about 40 to 9,500 m, depending upon sieve sizes).
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Coulter Counter
Coulter
counter
determines
the
volume
distribution
of
particles
suspended
in
an
electrolytecontaining solution. When a particle
passes through a small orifice, it
blocks the electric current. The
information on particle volume is used
for calculating particle size assuming
a spherical shape.
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Other methods
Preparation of Powders
1- Reduction of particle size of all
ingredients to the same range to
prevent stratification.
2- Sieving.
3- Weighing of each ingredient.
4- Mixing.
5- Packaging.
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2- Pulverization
Substance are reduced& subdivided with an additional
material ( i.e solvent) that can be removed easily after
pulverization is complete.
* This technique is applied to
Substances which are gummy and tend to reagglomerate
or which resist grinding. As camphor which is gummy,
so addition of alcohol or other volatile solvent can be
reduced readily to a fine powder.
Similarly, iodine crystals may be comminuted with the aid
of ether.
In both instances the solvent is permitted to evaporate
and the powdered material is recovered
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3- Levigation
In this process
A- paste is first formed by the
addition of a suitable non solvent to
the solid material.
B-Particle-size reduction then
accomplished by rubbing the paste
in a mortar with a pestle or on an
ointment slab using a spatula.
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Mixing of powders
Large-Scale Mixing Equipment
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Extemporaneous Techniques
1.
Geometric dilution:
Entire quantity of potent drug (x volume) + (x volume)
of the diluents + (2x volume) of the diluents + (4x
volume) of the diluentsrepeated until all the
diluents are used.
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Extemporaneous Techniques
2. Reduction of particle size of all ingredients to
the same range.
3. Sieving when necessary to achieve mixing or
reduction of agglomerates, especially in powders
into which liquids have been incorporated.
4. Heavy trituration, when applicable, to reduce
the bulkiness of a powder.
5. Protection against humidity, air oxidation and
loss of volatile ingredients.
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Divided Powders
Are dispensed in the form of
individual doses and generally are
dispensed in papers, properly folded
(chartulae). They also may be
dispensed in metal foil, small heatsealed plastic bags or other
containers.
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Divided Powders
- After weighing, comminuting and mixing
the ingredients, the powders must be
divided accurately into the prescribed
number of doses. In order to achieve
accuracy consistent with the other steps in
the preparation, each dose should
be weighed individually and transferred to a
powder paper. Following completion of this
step the powder papers are folded.
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Powder Papers
- Four basic types of powder papers are
available.
1. Vegetable parchment, a thin semi-opaque
moisture-resistant paper.
2. White bond, an opaque paper with no
moisture-resistant properties.
3. Glassine, a glazed, transparent moistureresistant paper.
4. Waxed,( Parrafin) a transparent
waterproof paper.
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Powder Papers
Hygroscopic and volatile drugs can be
protected best by using a waxed
paper, double-wrapped with a bond
paper to improve the appearance of
the completed powder.
Bulk Powders
may be classified as oral powders, dentifrices, douche
powders, dusting powders, insuffiations and
triturations.
Oral Powders - These generally are supplied as finely
divided powders or effervescent granules.The finely
divided powders are intended to be suspended or
dissolved in water or mixed with soft foods, prior to
administration.
Antacids and laxative powders frequently are
administered in this form
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Dusting Powders
These are locally applied nontoxic preparations that are
intended to have no systemic action.
Requirements:
1- Homogenous and very fine
2- Free from irritation.
3- Flow easily.
4- Have good covering capacity.
5- Have good adsorptive and absorptive capacity.
6- Spread uniformly over body surface.
7- Cling (adhere) to skin surface after application.
8- Protect the skin from irritation caused by friction, moisture
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and chemical irritants.
Dusting Powders
Application:
Medicated dusting powders may be applied either to
intact skin or to open wound and mucous
membranes.
2- powders applied to open wound must be sterilized
3- Particle size should be very small. It is better to be
micronized or those passes through # 100 sieve.
4- Highly sorptive powders should not be used on areas
exude large quantities of fluids to avoid hard crust
formation.
Function:
1-
Dusting Powders
Packaging:
Dispensed in sifter- top cans or pressurized
packs (aerosols).
Aerosols protect the powder from air, moisture
and contamination and more convenient for
application.
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Insufflations
- These are finely divided powders
introduced into body cavities such
as the ears, nose, throat, tooth
sockets and vagina. An insufflator
(powder blower) usually is
employed to administer these
products.
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Insufflations
Douche Powders
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Dentifrices
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Triturations
-
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Triturations
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Solution:
A- Compounding such substances with minimum pressure
B- Use a convenient method for mixing the powder like
tumbling in a jar or spatulation on a sheet of paper.
C- Each substance should be powdered separately in a
clean mortar and then combined with other ingredients
gently.
D- Powder and dispense separately.
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Effervescent Powders
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Effervescent Powders
Formulation:
- Bulk powders or divided powders
- Packed in separate packages of
contrasting colors.
- The contents are mixed in a
quantity of water at the time of
dosing.
- The liquid is consumed just after
the reaction begin to subside.
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Effervescent Granules
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Effervescent Granules
Wet Granulation
Procedure:
1- The powders are mixed without pressure in
a suitable container.
2- Alcohol is added in portions with stirring
until a dough like mass is formed.
3- The materials are then passed through sieve
# 6.
4- The resulted granules are dried at a
temperature not exceeding 50C.
5- The granules are packed in air tight
containers
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THE
END
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