Dr. S. M.

Lutful Kabir
Professor & Dean, SOSE, UIU
Topics Covered

Power System in General

Construction Stator and Rotor
Salient and Non-salient pole machine
Excitation system
Brushless excitation system
Pilot exciter
The effect of armature reaction
The equivalent circuit
The phasor diagram at different power factor
The power flow diagram
Different losses
Power and torque
The expression of power with torque angle
Matlab code to calculate power and efficiency
Open circuit and short circuit characteristics
Experiments to find OCC and SCC
Measurement of armature resistance
Topics Covered
Determination of Xs
Short circuit ratio
Expression for short circuit ratio
Effect of change in load in an isolated Syn. Gen.
Effect of change in excitation in an isolated Syn. Gen.
Compounding curve of a Syn. Gen.
Conditions Required for Paralleling Syn. Generators
Procedures for Paralleling Syn. Generators
Frequency Power Curve
Power-frequency curve
House diagram
Power sharing between one generator with an infinite bus
Power sharing between two similar generators
Effect of change in governor settings on power sharing
Revolving field theory
Operation of Synchronous Motor
Power flow diagram of Syn. Motor
Starting of Syn. Motor
PROBLEMS SOLVED
Problem#2-1 -connected, four pole synchronous generator
A 480-V, 50 Hz,
has a synchronous reactance of 0.1 ohm and an armature
resistance of 0.015 ohm.
Under full load conditions, the friction and windage losses are
40 kW, and the core losses are 30 kW. Ignore any field circuit
losses. The generator draws the full load of 1200 A at 0.8 pf
lagging.
What will be value of the internal generated voltage?
How much power is the generator now supplying? How much
power is supplied to the generator by the prime mover?
What will be value of the internal generated voltage if the pf is
leading?
 Problem#2-2
A 480-V, 50 Hz, Y-connected, six-pole synchronous generator has a per
phase synchronous reactance of 1.0 ohm. Its full load armature current
is 60 A, 0.8 pf lagging. The generator has friction and windage losses of
1.5 kW and core losses of 1.0 kW at 50 Hz at full load. Neglect armature
resistance. The field current has to be adjusted so that the terminal
voltage is 480V at no load.
What is the speed of rotation of the generator?
What is terminal voltage of this generator if it is loaded with rated
current at (i) 0.8 pf lagging (ii) 1.0 pf and (iii) 0.8 pf leading.
What is the efficiency of the generator when it is operated at rated
current, 0.8 pf lagging?
How much shaft torque must be applied by the prime mover at full
load? How large is the induced counter torque?
What is the voltage regulation of this generator at 0.8 pf lagging? At
1.0 pf? At 0.8 pf leading?
Problem#3-1
A 1500 kVA, 6.6 kV, 3-phase, star connected alternator has
effective armature resistance of 0.5 ohm/phase and a
synchronous reactance of 5 ohm/phase. Find the percentage
change in terminal voltage when the rated output of 1500
kVA at (a) unity pf (b) o.8 lagging pf and (c) 0.8 leading pf is
switched off. Assume that the speed and excitation current
remained unchanged.
Problem#3-2
A 480-V, 50 Hz, -connected, four pole synchronous generator
has the OCC shown in the next slide.
It has a synchronous reactance of 0.1 ohm and an armature
resistance of 0.015 ohm.
The generator delivers the full load of 1200 A at 0.8 pf lagging.
(a) How much field current will be required to make the terminal
voltage 480 V at no load?
(b) If the generator is connected to a load and the load draws
1200 A at 0.8 pf lagging, how much field current will be
required to keep the terminal voltage equal to 480 V?
(c) If the generators loads were disconnected suddenly from
the line, what would happen to the terminal voltage?
(d) Finally, suppose that the generator is connected to a load
drawing 1200 A at 0.8 pf leading, how much field current would
be required to keep the terminal voltage at 480 V?
Problem#3-3
A 200 kVA, 480-V. 50 Hz, Y-connected synchronous
generator with a rated field current of 5A was tested and the
following data were taken:
VT,oc at the rated IF was measured to be 540V
IL,SC at the rated IF was found to be 300A
When a dc voltage of 10 V was applied to two terminals,
a current of 25 A was measured.
Find the values of RA and Xs in ohms.
 Problem#3-4
A 25 MVA, three phase, 13.8 kV, two-pole, 50 Hz Y-connected
synchronous generator was tested by the open circuit test, and
its air gap voltage was extrapolated with the following results:
Open Circuit Test
Field Current, A 320 365 380 475 570
Line Voltage, kV 13 13.8 14.1 15.2 16.0
Extrapolated air-gap Voltage, kV 15.4 17.5 18.3 22.8 27.4
The Short Circuit Test was then performed with the following results:
Short Circuit Test
Field Current, A 320 365 380 475 570
Armature Current, A 1040 1190 1240 1550 1885

The armature resistancee 0.24

/phase
(a) Find the unsaturated synchronous reactance of this generator
(b) Find the saturated synchronous reactance at field currents of 380A and
475A.
(c) Find the short circuit ratio for this generator.
Problem#4-1
A 480-V, 50 Hz, 1200A delta-connected, four pole
synchronous generator has the OCC shown in the next slide.
It has a synchronous reactance of 0.1 ohm and an armature
resistance of 0.015 ohm.
The generator draws the 50% of its full load at 0.8 pf lagging.
(a) How much field current will be required to maintain
the terminal voltage at 480 V?
(b) If the generators load is increased to full load at
same power factor, by how much the terminal voltage
will change?
(c) If field current is then adjusted again to make the
terminal voltage to 480V, what should be the value of
field current?
Problem#4-2
A 2300 V, 1000-kVA, 0.8 pf lagging, 50 Hz, two-pole, Y-
connected synchronous generator has a synchronous
reactance 1.1 ohms and armature resistance of 0.15 ohms.
The OCC of the generator is shown in the next slide. Initially
the field current was adjusted at 4.3 A.
(a) What will be the terminal voltage of this
generator if it is connected with a delta-connected
load having per phase impedance of (17.32 + j
10.0) ohms.
(b) What must be done to restore the terminal
voltage?
 Problem#6-1
A generator supplying a load. A second load is to be connected
in parallel to the first one.
The generator has a no-load frequency of 51 Hz. And has a
slope sp of 1 MW/Hz.
Load 1 consumes a real power of 1000 kW at 0.8 power factor
lagging.
Load 2 consumes a real power of 800 kW at 0.707 power
factor lagging.
(a) Before switch is closed what is the operating
frequency of the system.
(b) After load 2 is connected, what is the operating
frequency of the system.
(c) After load 2 is connected, what action could an
operator take to restore the system frequency to 50 Hz .
Problem#7-1
Generator 1 has a no-load frequency of 61.5 Hz and a slope
(sp1) of 1 MW/Hz. Generator 2 has a no-load frequency of
61.0 Hz and a slope (sp2) of 1 MW/Hz. The two generators
are supplying a real load totaling 2.5 MW at 0.8 pf lagging.
Draw the house diagram for the system.
(a) At what frequency is the system operating, and how
much power is supplied by the two generators?
(b) Suppose an additional 1-MW load are attached to this
power system. What would be the new system frequency be,
and how much power would G 1 and G2 supply now?
(c) With the increased load, if the governor set point on G 2 is
increased by 0.5 Hz, what will be the system frequency and
generators power?
Problem#7-2
Two 3-phase, star-connected alternators 1 and 2 supply a
total load of 18 MVA at 0.7 lagging pf at a line voltage of
6.6 kV. The two alternators are rated at 10 MVA, 6.6 kV.
The machine 1 is operating on full load at 0.8 lagging pf.
Find (i) the current supplied by machine 2 (ii) operating
pf of machine 2 (iii) power delivered by each machine.
If the system frequency is 50Hz and slope of power-
frequency curves of the generators are 4MW/Hz and
2MW/Hz respectively, what are the no load frequency
settings of the generators. Draw the house diagram and
show the power sharing between the machines.
Problem#7-3
Two identical 20 MW synchronous generators operate in
parallel. The governor of the first machine is set such that the
machines frequency drops uniformly from 50 Hz at no load to
48 Hz at full load. The corresponding frequency drop of the
second machine is 50 Hz to 47.5 Hz. How will the two machine
share a load of 30 MW?
If no load setting of generator1 is increased at 51 Hz then what
will be the power sharing for the same load (30MW)?
How can the frequency be resorted to the original value
(48.33)?
When no load setting of generator1 was increased keeping the
other generators setting as it was, the frequency became
48.89 Hz (from 48.33 Hz). And the power sharing changed to
(21.11 MW & 8.89 MW) from (16.67 MW & 8.33 MW). In this
stage if we want to maintain the previous power sharing how
can we achieve that?
 Problem#7-4
Two generators are connected in parallel. They have frequency droops of
1 Hz/10MW and 0.75 Hz/10MW respectively. And their voltage droops are
0.1kV/10MVAR and 0.2KV/10 MVAR respectively. The no load settings of
their governors are 51.5 Hz and 51 Hz respectively. The no load settings
of their Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVR) are 6.6kV and 6.8kV
respectively. If a load of 22 MVA at 0.8 lagging pf is supplied by the two
generators determine the real and reactive power sharing between the
generators and also determine the system frequency and system
terminal voltage.
 Problem#8-1
A 208-V, 45 kVA, 0.8 pf leading delta-connected 50 Hz
synchronous machine has a synchronous reactance of 2.5 ohm
and a negligible armature resistance. Initially the shaft is
supplying a 15 hp load, and the motors pf is o.8 leading. Its
friction and windage losses are 1.5 kW and core losses are 1.0
kW.
Determine IA, IL and EA and sketch the phasor diagram of the
motor.