HI Classmates!!!

HI
CLASSMATES!!!
RABIES
Is a specific , acute viral
infection communicated to man
by the saliva of an infected
animal.
ETIOLOGIC AGENT
Rhabdovirus
1.It is bullet-shaped filterable virus with a
strong affinity for the CNS.
2.The organism is sensitive to sunlight
,ultraviolet light, ether, formalin, mercury
and nitric acid.it is resistant to phenol,
merthiolate and common antibacterial gents.
INCUBATION PERIOD
1. one week to seven and a half months in dogs.

2.ten days to fifteen years in human.
3. incubation period depends on the following
factors:
a.distance of the bite to the brain
b.extensiveness of the bite
c.species of the animal
d.richness of the nerve supply in the area of
the bite
e.resistance of the host
PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITY
The patient is communicable from three to

five days before the onset of symptoms until
the entire course of illness.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
An infected animal carries the rabies virus in its

saliva and transmits it to humans by biting.
PATHOGENeSis
1. From the site of the bite, the organisms
proceeds to the CNS through the explasm of the
peripheral nerves.
2. Experimental studies have shown that the
virus stays for some time in the inoculation site
and that the multiplication of the virus occurs in
the myocytes.
3.It has been observed that the period
between inoculation and nerve invasion is
the only time when prophylactic vaccine is
effective.
4. Once the virus infects the indivual , the
spread is both centripetal and centrifugal.
5. After infection of the CNS , the virus
spreads through the peripheral nerves to the
salivary glands and other organs, such as the
lungs ,adrenals ,kidneys,bladder and
testicles (priapism).
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
(3 PHASES)
1. Prodromal /Invasion Phase
a. The phase is characterized by fever, anorexia,
malaise, sore throat, copious salivation,lacrimation,
perspiration,irritability,hyperexcitability
apprehensiveness, restlessness, (drowsiness)
sometimes, mental depression, melancholia and
marked insomnia.
b. There is pain at the original site of the
bite. Headache and nausea may be present.
c. The patient became sensitive to light,
sound and temperature.
d. There are pain and aches in different parts
of the body
e. anesthesia, numbness, and tingling,
burning and cold sensations maybe felt along
the peripheral nerves involved and the site of
the bite.
f. Mild difficulty in swallowing.
2. Excitement or Neurological Phase
a. This phase is characterized by marked
excitation and apprehension. Terror maybe
occur.
b.There is delirium associated with nuchal
rigidity, involuntary twitching or
generalized convulsions.
c. There is aerophobia or intense fear or
dislike of air.
e. There is profuse drooling
f. There are tonic or clonic contractions of the
muscles.
g. Death may occur during the episode of spasms or
from cardiac/respiratory failure.
h. If patient survives this phase, he/she deteriorates
rapidly and enters the terminal phase.
3. Terminal/ paralytic phase
a. The patient becomes quiet and
unconscious
b. There is loss of bowel and urinary control.
c. Spasms cease and there is progressive
paralysis
d. There is tachycardia and labored irregular
respiration
e. Death occurs due to respiratory paralysis,
circulatory collapse or heart failure.
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
1.Virus isolation fron the patients saliva or throat.
2. Fluorescent rabies antibody (FRA) provides the most
definitive diagnosis.
3. Presence of Negri bodies in the dogs brain.
MODALITIES OF TREATMENT
1.Thoroughly wash the wounds from the bite scratches with
soap and running water for atleast three minutes.
2.Check the patients immunization status. Give tetanus
toxoid if needed.
3.Give tetanus antiserum infiltrated around the wound or
intramuscularly after a negative skin test.
4.Give anti-rabies vaccines,both passive and active,
depending on the site and size of the bite, as well as the
health condition of the biting animal.
NURSING MANAGEMENT
1.Isolate the patient.
2.Give emotional and spiritual support
3.Provide optimum comfort and prevent injury, especially
during hyperactive episodes.
4.Darken the room and provide a quiet environment.
COMMON NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Altered nutrition:less than body requirements
Fluid volume deficit
Anxiety
Knowledge deficit
Altered thought process
Anticipatory grieving
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
1.Vaccination of all dogs.
2.Enforcement of regulations for the pick-up and destruction of
stray dogs;
3.Ten to fourteen days confinement of any dog that has bitten a
person;
4.Availability of laboratory facilities for observation and
diagnosis;and
5.Providing public education, especially to children , on the
avoidance and reporting of all animals that appear sick.
RED TIDE
` ` ` ` `1`aZaZSXDSAWEDRTYUIOP[90-]
Is caused by a :population explosion of

toxic, naturally occurring microspic
phytoplanktons , specially a sub group
known as dinoflagellates
ETIOLOGIC AGENT
1.Alexandrium tamarense is found along the

atlantic coast.
2.Alexandrium catenella is found along the
pacific west coast.
3.Ptychodiscus brevis is present in the gulf
of mexico along the west florida coast
Explosions or blooms are coastal
phenomena caused by environmental
conditions which promote the explosive
growth of microorganisms .factors
which are favorable for growth are:
1.Warm surface temperature;
2.High nutrient content;
3.low salinity and calm seas;and
4.rainy days followed by sunny weather
SEAFOODS THAT ARE UNSAFE TO
EAT FROM INFECTED WATERS
such shellfish include:
1.quahogs 5.scallops
2.soft shell clamps 6.moon snails
3.oysters
4.mussels
THERE ARE FOUR SYNDROMES OF
SHELLFISH POISONIG
1.Paralytic shellfish poisoning
2.Diarrheal shellfish poisoning
3.Amnestic shellfish poisoning
4.Neurologic shellfish poisonig
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
1.The initial sign is tingling of the lips and

tongue which spreads to the face,
neck,fingertips, and toes.
2.headache, dizziness and nausea follow,
symptoms which may be mistaken as being
due to a drunken condition.
3.such symptoms are aggravated by alcohol
consumption.
4.In severe cases, muscular paralysis and
breathing difficulty may occur in five to twelve
hours due to paralysis of the diaphragm;the
victim can survive only with the aid of a
respirator.
5.Fatalities from respiratory arrest have been
reported.
MODALITIES OF TREATMENT
1.The patient is induced to vomit.

2.Charcoal hemoperfusion is a process done
by pumpimg the arterial blood through ab
activated charcoal filter to remove the toxin.
3.Alkaline fluids,such as sodium bicarbonate,
are thought to be helpful because the toxin is
unstable in alkaline condition.
4.Artificial respiration is required f the
patient exhibits respiratory stress
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
1.All shellfish producing areas should have a monitoring program
to test water,sediments, and shellfish for contamination.
2.The department of environmental Quality Engineering (DEQE)
is responsible for year round testing of shellfish growing areas.
3.when blooms subside, shellfish has purified themselves of the
toxin and when testing indicates a return to safe levels , the ares
are reopened.
4. If accidental ingestion of toxic shellfish is
suspected,seek medical attention
immediately.
5.Recreational shellfish gatherers should
look for posted warnings and pay close
attention to local media announcements.
DAPAT WALAY QUESTIONS!!
THANK YOU
AND
GOD BLESS

HI Classmates!!!

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HI Classmates!!!

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

HI Classmates!!!

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HI

1. one week to seven and a half months in dogs.

The patient is communicable from three to

An infected animal carries the rabies virus in its

Is caused by a :population explosion of

1.Alexandrium tamarense is found along the

1.The initial sign is tingling of the lips and

1.The patient is induced to vomit.

You might also like