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    Development and Present Status of Solar Water Heater

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    Ram Krishna Singh
    The document provides background information on the development of solar water heaters (SWH) in Nepal and their present status. It discusses how SWH development began in the 1960s and traces important milestones. By the 1990s, over 200 workshops were manufacturing SWHs and an estimated 2,000 units were being installed annually. Currently, there are an estimated 20,000 SWHs installed in households in Nepal, mostly in the Kathmandu area. While conditions are suitable for SWH adoption, barriers like lack of quality control, standards, and government support remain. The potential for growth in sectors like schools and hospitals is high if these issues are addressed.

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    Development and Present Status of Solar Water Heater

    Uploaded by

    Ram Krishna Singh
    776 views25 pages
    The document provides background information on the development of solar water heaters (SWH) in Nepal and their present status. It discusses how SWH development began in the 1960s and traces important milestones. By the 1990s, over 200 workshops were manufacturing SWHs and an estimated 2,000 units were being installed annually. Currently, there are an estimated 20,000 SWHs installed in households in Nepal, mostly in the Kathmandu area. While conditions are suitable for SWH adoption, barriers like lack of quality control, standards, and government support remain. The potential for growth in sectors like schools and hospitals is high if these issues are addressed.

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    The document provides background information on the development of solar water heaters (SWH) in Nepal and their present status. It discusses how SWH development began in the 1960s and traces important milestones. By the 1990s, over 200 workshops were manufacturing SWHs and an estimated 2,000 units were being installed annually. Currently, there are an estimated 20,000 SWHs installed in households in Nepal, mostly in the Kathmandu area. While conditions are suitable for SWH adoption, barriers like lack of quality control, standards, and government support remain. The potential for growth in sectors like schools and hospitals is high if these issues are addressed.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    776 views25 pages

    Development and Present Status of Solar Water Heater

    Uploaded by

    Ram Krishna Singh
    The document provides background information on the development of solar water heaters (SWH) in Nepal and their present status. It discusses how SWH development began in the 1960s and traces important milestones. By the 1990s, over 200 workshops were manufacturing SWHs and an estimated 2,000 units were being installed annually. Currently, there are an estimated 20,000 SWHs installed in households in Nepal, mostly in the Kathmandu area. While conditions are suitable for SWH adoption, barriers like lack of quality control, standards, and government support remain. The potential for growth in sectors like schools and hospitals is high if these issues are addressed.

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    Centre for Energy Studies, Tribhuvan University

    Development and Present Status of Solar


    Water Heater (SWH) in Nepal

    Dr. Tri Ratna Bajracharya


    Associate Professor
    Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University
    Email: triratna@ioe.edu.np
    Background

    • The development of solar thermal conversion


    devices in Nepal started in the early 1960’s.

    • The first locally manufactured solar water heater was


    installed in the premises of the Department of Mines
    and Geology.
    Background…..

    • Late Rev B. R. Saubolle and Asha Brothers in


    Kathmandu manufactured the first prototype SWH
    in 1968.

    • Records also show that the Plumbing Division of


    Balaju Yantra Shala (BYS) added the
    development of SWH systems in 1974
    Background….
    • An improved SWH system was installed by BYS in the
    hostel of Budhanilkantha School in 1975

    • This installation received a favorable public response


    and attracted a number of manufacturers.

    • The development of SWH received further support


    after establishing Sanitary Section of the Mechanical
    Training Center in Balaju included it in their training
    courses.
    Background….
    By 1992, 35 solar water heater manufacturers were
    registered with the Department of Cottage and Small
    Industries.

    Estimates also indicate that there are now more than


    200 workshops manufacturing solar water heaters
    (REDP/UNDP: 2002; foreword).

    According to a 1997 study: More than 2000 solar


    water heaters installed annually.[WECS:1998]
    Starting Situation
     Ideal meteorological conditions
     well matured technology
     small, but steady market
     existing manufacturing industry
     high electricity tariffs
    Starting Situation…
     market currently too small for foreign
    investments
     frequently poor performance, no quality
    control
     subsidied, low fuel prices
     technology not adapted to large-scale or frost
     little to no government support
    Status of SWHs
     20 000 units in households – 0.5% of all
    households

     Around 2000 units added per year

     Mostly on newly build middle class homes

     Kathmandu accounts for 80% of the installed


    units
    Status of SWHs...
     Among commercial users, mostly hotels
     60% of all hotels in Kathmandu have
    solar
     mostly non-star hotels
     Less than 20% of all schools, hardly
    any hospitals
     In rural areas solar heaters only in
    tourism
    Nepal‘s target sectors and
    potential for growth collector surface

    residential sector
    1.

    hotels & lodges


    2.

    schools
    3.

    installed potential
    hospitals & BHUs
    4.

    manufacturing industry
    5.

    0 m²

    400 000 m²

    600 000 m²

    800 000 m²
    200 000 m²

    1 000 000 m²

    1 200 000 m²
    Huge markets that are currently untapped !
    Development deficits

    INSTITUTIONAL
    • No institution fostering development of SHWs
    • No specific policy promoting SHWs
    • ASTED is active from few years back

    HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT


    • Training only through one vocational school
    • Technical skills not adapted to new technology
    • Few technical staff with sales skills
    Development deficits...
     PROMOTION
     Lack of standart for quality control
     Lack of R&D
     CES and Solar Energy Foundation (SEF
    Nepal) in steps
     Lack of proper monitoring and
    evaluation
    Database of solar water heaters
    manufacturers / importers in Nepal
    Distribution of Technology adopted by manufacturers

    8.33%

    91.67%

    Domestic manufacuter Importers


    Opinion on the efficiency of
    products

    Efficiency of the SWH manufacturers

    8.77%
    24.56%

    66.67%
    20% - 30% 30% - 50% Above 50%
    Who controls the quality of
    product?

    Manpower in the company who controls the quality of their product


    60
    50
    Number

    40
    30
    20
    10
    0
    Mechanical Technical Technician Management Promoters
    engineer supervisor Personnel
    Market share

    Target group of the manufacturers

    26.79%

    73.21%

    Middle class household Upper class household


    Distribution of storage tank practice in the market

    100
    90
    80
    Number of storage tank

    70
    60
    50
    40
    30
    20
    10
    0
    135 140 150 165 175 180 200 220 230 265 280 300 400 500

    Litre
    Raw material used by manufacturers

    2.90%

    97.10%

    Purchase form Local Market Import from abroad


    Collector area Database
    Estimated number of SWH users against Actual number of HH in Kathmandu
    Metropolitan City

    35

    33

    31

    29

    27

    25

    23

    21
    W ard s

    19

    17

    15

    13

    11

    0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

    Number of Household
    T otal HH Estimated SWH users
    Estimated Number of SWH users against Actual number of HH in Lalitpur
    Metropolitan City

    22
    21
    20

    19

    18
    17
    16
    15
    14
    13
    W ards

    12
    11
    10
    9
    8
    7
    6
    5

    4
    3
    2

    0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000


    Number of Household
    Total HH Estimated SWH users
    Estimated Number of SWH use against Actual number of Household in Bhaktapur
    Municipality

    17

    16

    15

    14

    13

    12

    11

    10
    Wards

    0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

    Number of Household

    Total HH of Ward Estimated HH


    Actual and Estimated Collector Area / Panel
    Inside Kathmandu Valley

    Identified Estimated
    Actual sum sum
    of collector collector
    Total house Identified area (sq area (sq
    Total house hold Actual sum meter) by Estimate meter) by
    Municipality hold surveyed of panels Panel* total panel Panel**

    Kathmandu 144152 3510 2230 3729 105256 175989

    Lalitpur 34996 2200 1279 2138 105256 175989

    Kirtipur 9487 959 179 299 1774 2967

    Bhaktapur 12088 1700 231 386 10868 18171

    Thimi 9451 850 212 354 3753 6276

    Total 210174 9219 4131 6907 226908 379391


    List of SWH Manufacturers in Nepal

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