Chapter 12 Coordination and Control

Coordination
and Control
The nervous
system
The nervous system
Our nervous system controls
and coordinates our daily
activities. The nerves work
along with the muscles to
respond to stimulus.
Effectors- glands that carry
out activities after getting
messages from a receptor.
Receptor nerves that
receive a stimuli.
Hormones- chemicals that
control our daily activities,
e.g. Testosterone.
Nervous system
The nervous system is
divided into two main
parts.
Central nervous system
brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral nervous
system paired cranial
and spinal nerves.
The paired cranial and
spinal nerves connect
the sense and receptor
organs.
Nerves and Neurones
A nerve cell is called a
neurone.
A dendrite conducts
impulses towards the
cell body.
An axon conducts
impulses away from
the cell body.
Axons and Dendrons
are surrounded by a
fatty Myelin Sheath.
The myelin sheath
allows impulses to
ravel faster through
the nerve.
A neurone
Nerves & Neurones
Nerves are made
up of a group of
neurones. A
neurone is a
single nerve.
A motor neurone
conducts
messages from
the CNS to the
effecter organ,
e.g. Muscles,
eyes, heart.
A sensory neurone
conduct impulses
from the sense
organs to the
CNS.
Ganglia - swellings
caused by a group of
cell bodies on an
axon.
A third type is a relay or
connector neurone.
They are found in the
CNS and connect
sensory to motor
neurone.
The nerve Impulse
A message is passed along
a fibre from one place to
another.
The fibre is the nerve and
the message is the
impulse.
When the axon is at rest,
the charge on the
outside is different from
the inside.
When an impulse passes
along the axon, the
membrane allows sodium
ions to pass through the
membrane making the
inside positive as well as
the outside.
Synapses
There is a small gap
between the dendrites
and neurones called a
SYNAPSE.
When impulses arrive at
the synapse,
neurotransmitters are
released. They travel
across the synapse
and attach to the
receptors.
This allow and impulse
to travel from one
neurone to another.
The chemical
ACETYLCHOLINE is
normally the
neurotransmitter.
The brain and Spinal Cord
The brain is a central
exchange zone for
impulses in the body. It
controls the muscles and
glands as well as stores
information.
The brain is divided into 4
chambers.
Medulla oblongata controls
involuntary actions such
as breathing and heart
beat.
Cerebellum- controls
balance and body posture.
Cerebrum the site for
memory, consciousness
and intelligence.
Hypothalamus
- controls
blood
pressure,
heart rate
and
peristalsis.
The pituitary
gland
controls
water
content and
body
temperature
.
Men use the right side of their
brain. Women use both sides
when they are listening.
The spinal Cord
The spinal cord runs
from the brain to the
vertebral column. It
passes information to
the brain as well as
control reflex actions.
The grey matter
contain motor and
relay neurones. The
white matter contains
neurones that carry
impulses from the
brain to the spinal
nerves and vice-versa.
Reflex action
A reflex action is an
involuntary reaction to
a stimuli, e.g. Dropping
a hot object, spitting
out bad tasting food.
Reflex actions are
important to prevent
damages to our bodies.
Spinal reflex action take
place quickly because
the impulse passes
from the sense organ
to the spinal cord and
back to the muscle that
moves the body part.
Knee jerk reflex
In a knee jerk
reflex the
impulse passes
from the
sensory
neurone to the
motor
neurone.
Types of action
Voluntary actions are Mental illness is when
what you decide to do. the brain does not
Your brain is involved, work properly. This
e.g. Walking, talking results in the loss of
Involuntary actions are
memory, disorder of
not controlled by the mood and delusions.
conscious brain, e.g. Other forms of mental
Heart beat, peristalsis illness can include
and breathing. anxiety disorder,
Conditioned reflex- depression, eating
actions carried out disorder, stress and
without much thought, suicide.
e.g. Walking, riding a
bicycle.
Coordination by hormones
Hormones are
chemicals secreted
into the blood
stream to control
body processes.
Endocrine glands
secrete hormones
directly into the
blood stream.
Exocrine glands
secrete hormones
through ducts that
lead into the blood
stream .
Hormones
Adrenalin converts
glycogen to glucose.
Prepares the body for
fight or flight.
Insulin and glucagon-
controls the blood
sugar level. Glucagon
converts glycogen to
glucose.
Pituitary gland controls
all the other endocrine
glands.
Thyroid gland produces
thyroxin with controls
metabolism.

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