MANAGEMENT

IV YEAR
 WHAT IS MANAGEMENT??

anagement is consciously and continuall

shaping an organization

It is a process of planning, organizing, leading and

controlling the work of organization members and o
using all available resources to reach a stated goal.
 In every organization their should be
someone who coordinates and oversees
the work of other people so that
organizational goals can be
accomplished.
So these people are managers.

Manager is someone who does and

take work from the team
effectively and efficiently
Effectiveness and Efficiency
Efficiency
Doing things right
Getting the most
Effectiveness
output for the least
inputs Doing the right
things
Attaining
organizational goals
lassifying Managers
First-line Managers - Individuals
who manage the work of non-
managerial employees.
Middle Managers - Individuals who
manage the work of first-line
managers.
Top Managers - Individuals who are
responsible for making organization-
wide decisions and establishing plans
Skills Managers Need
Technical skills
Knowledge and proficiency in a specific
field
Human skills
The ability to work well with other
people
Conceptual skills
The ability to think and conceptualize
about abstract and complex situations
concerning the organization
Henry fayol Father of Management
1. Division Of Work
Specialization allows the individual
to build up experience, and to
continuously improve his skills.
Thereby he can be more productive.
Ex 1 countrys economy works in that way, some people are
engaged in agriculture, other in industrial businesses small or
big, while other is the group of technocrats, in a way helping
each other to live.
Ex 2 Considering ex at micro level, family also work according to
division of work, somewhere both parents work, somewhere
mothers does a whole lot of task to at home and fathers does
the outside job.
2. Authority
The right to issue commands, along
with which must go the balanced
responsibility for its function.
Ex- in a court a judge has an authority to pass on verdict, declare
him/ her innocent or criminal and put him in prison or under
death sentence.
Ex- a university has an authority for amending laws according to the
situation.
3. Discipline
Employees must obey, but this is
two-sided: employees will only obey
orders if management play their
part by providing good leadership.
Ex- getting up in the morning when I would really like to sleep.
Ex- spending on wherever necessary.
4. Unity Of Command
Each worker should have only one
boss with no other conflicting lines of
command.
Ex- a single manager is seeing over the sales, advertising, pricing,
policing and other marketing activities. There may be
subordinates but every file goes to manager for check before it
comes into execution.
5. Unity of Direction
People engaged in the same kind of
activities must have the same
objectives in a single plan. This is
essential to ensure unity and
coordination in the enterprise. Unity
of command does not exist without
unity of direction but does not
necessarily flows from it.
Ex- in a university, a teacher is allotted some subjects and for every
teacher of a same subject there is a syllabus which is for all teachers
teaching that subject to a batch, irrespective of which teacher leaves
and which lot comes in.
6. Subordination of individual
interest
Management must see that the
goals of the firms are always
paramount.
Ex- for a place like india with cultural differences, government is
needed to take action in general interest rather than acting for
majority interest. The solution would be to appoint generals and
people to work for betterment of mass rather than rich and
upper class people.
7. Remuneration
Payment is an important motivator
although by analyzing a number of
possibilities, Fayol points out that
there is no such thing as a perfect
system.
Ex- tutors coming at home to teach students will make parents pay
him more.
Ex- there is a basic rate for an employee to work at certain hours but
for extra time or night shift, employees are paid more for it.
8. Centralization (Or
Decentralization)
This is a matter of degree
depending on the condition of the
business and the quality of its
personnel.
Ex- (centralisation) for example a small company of delivery of goods
may have only one manager where every employee will directly
contact the manager/head of the company.
Ex- (decentralization) franchise company or large multi national
companies, which gives an independence to franchisee to run
there individual stores.
 9. Scalar chain (Line of
Authority)
A hierarchy is necessary for unity of
direction. But lateral communication is also
fundamental, as long as superiors know
that such communication is taking place.
Scalar chain refers to the number of levels
in the hierarchy from the ultimate authority
to the lowest level in the organization. It
should not be over-stretched and consist of
too-many levels
Ex- in sate of any court adhering for a crime committed in a area, a local police
takes an action, the criminal may be put into prison, the local/district court
listents to the both side judges, the system if needed may be carried forward
to state court and then to high court and then to supreme court. So a person,
has these many options to put his words.
10. Order
Both material order and social order
are necessary. The former minimizes
lost time and useless handling of
materials. The latter is achieved
through organization and selection.
Ex- if the meeting is an area where neither of the two person lives
and the time is set incorrectly, it may let to lost time.
Ex- the contract tries to get the work done as soon as possible so
asking labours to work hard, the labour and the contractor will pay
him the percentage share according to the material used, this
case may lead to mishandling/wastage of material.
11. Equity
In running a business a
combination of kindliness and
justice is needed. Treating
employees well is important to
achieve equity.
Ex- paying differently to the staffs of same degree. People need to
feel that there is a fair balance between inputs and outputs. So
justice is too necessary.
12. Stability of Tenure of
Personnel
Employees work better if job
security and career progress are
assured to them. An insecure
tenure and a high rate of employee
turnover will affect the organization
adversely
Ex- whenever there is job given to a person, it should be ensured that
not to much shuffling of the position is done, it leads to
instability and reduces the efficiency of a person toward the
objective.
13. Initiative
Allowing all personnel to show their
initiative in some way is a source of
strength for the organization. Even
though it may well involve a
sacrifice of personal vanity on the
part of many managers.
Ex- if there is a certain product delivered to the costumer without
performing any check. It lead to consumer dissatisfaction and bad
name to the company. The company manager took an initiative to
involve extra people to keep a check on the material received and
delivered.
14. Esprit de Corps
Management must foster the morale of its
employees. He further suggests that:
real talent is needed to coordinate effort,
encourage keenness, use each persons
abilities, and reward each ones merit
without arousing possible jealousies and
disturbing harmonious relations.
Ex- an officer notices that communication between two business unit lacks
cohesiveness. The officer may contact manager who is willing to listen
them that someone with experience in both fields be hired to facilitate
communication and ultimately satisfy the need of both department.