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    Fiber Optic Gyroscopes

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    Francisco
    Fiber optic gyroscopes (FOGs) provide precise rotation measurements and have advantages over mechanical gyroscopes such as no moving parts, high reliability, and small size. FOGs operate based on the Sagnac effect where light traveling in opposite directions in a coil of optical fiber will experience a phase difference when rotated. This phase difference can be measured using interferometry to determine rotation rate with high precision. Key factors influencing FOG performance include polarization effects, backscattering, and non-linear Kerr effects, which can be mitigated through design techniques such as using polarization-maintaining fiber and low coherence light sources.

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    Fiber Optic Gyroscopes

    Uploaded by

    Francisco
    127 views40 pages
    Fiber optic gyroscopes (FOGs) provide precise rotation measurements and have advantages over mechanical gyroscopes such as no moving parts, high reliability, and small size. FOGs operate based on the Sagnac effect where light traveling in opposite directions in a coil of optical fiber will experience a phase difference when rotated. This phase difference can be measured using interferometry to determine rotation rate with high precision. Key factors influencing FOG performance include polarization effects, backscattering, and non-linear Kerr effects, which can be mitigated through design techniques such as using polarization-maintaining fiber and low coherence light sources.

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    Fiber Optic Gyroscopes

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    Fiber optic gyroscopes (FOGs) provide precise rotation measurements and have advantages over mechanical gyroscopes such as no moving parts, high reliability, and small size. FOGs operate based on the Sagnac effect where light traveling in opposite directions in a coil of optical fiber will experience a phase difference when rotated. This phase difference can be measured using interferometry to determine rotation rate with high precision. Key factors influencing FOG performance include polarization effects, backscattering, and non-linear Kerr effects, which can be mitigated through design techniques such as using polarization-maintaining fiber and low coherence light sources.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    127 views40 pages

    Fiber Optic Gyroscopes

    Uploaded by

    Francisco
    Fiber optic gyroscopes (FOGs) provide precise rotation measurements and have advantages over mechanical gyroscopes such as no moving parts, high reliability, and small size. FOGs operate based on the Sagnac effect where light traveling in opposite directions in a coil of optical fiber will experience a phase difference when rotated. This phase difference can be measured using interferometry to determine rotation rate with high precision. Key factors influencing FOG performance include polarization effects, backscattering, and non-linear Kerr effects, which can be mitigated through design techniques such as using polarization-maintaining fiber and low coherence light sources.

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    Fiber Optic Gyroscopes

    by Sean Moultrie
    Gyroscopes

    Heart of Guidance, Control, and


    Navigation Systems
    Desired Properties
    low cost
    high precision
    high reliability
    low maintenance
    long life spans
    Gyroscopes

    Mechanical
    Ring Laser
    assumed active
    Fiber Optic
    assumed passive
    Active vs Passive

    Laser

    Laser
    Active Passive
    Mechanical Gyroscopes
    Discovered 1817
    Earths Rotation
    1852
    electric motors
    1860s
    Gyroscopic Inertia
    conversation of
    angular momentum
    Newtons first law
    Mechanical Gyroscopes

    Measurements
    rotating disk provides reference plane
    Mechanical Gyroscope Drawbacks

    Precision Moving Parts


    friction
    limited life span
    cost
    environment restrictions
    Mature Technology
    Physical Optics

    TEM Wave
    Interference
    In Phase Out of Phase
    Ring Laser Gyroscopes

    Square or Triangle Cavity


    Standing Wave Laser
    Doppler Effect
    (due to active construction)
    Ring Laser

    Unique
    multiple of OPL
    Standing Wave
    Produced
    Ring Laser Gyroscope

    Doppler Effect
    red & blue shift
    Output is
    Interfered
    Ring Laser Gyroscope

    Interference
    beating chrono (not spatial)
    interference pattern
    Period Angular Velocity
    Beating

    example #1
    110Hz Magenta
    104Hz Cyan

    chrono
    Interference
    Ring Laser Gyroscope Drawbacks

    Lock In
    desire to be monochromatic
    Dither
    Fiber Optic Gyroscopes

    History
    Sagnac Interferometry
    Sagnac Effect
    Optical Fiber Waveguide
    fiber optic theory
    Sources of Error
    Biasing
    History

    Sagnac 1913
    Michelson & Gale 1925
    Laser 1961
    mode locking
    cavity
    Macek & Davis - 1962
    Ring Laser
    Vali & Shorhill FOG - 1976
    Sagnac Interferometer
    Sagnac Interferometry

    High Resolution
    Phase Difference
    Rotation
    Sagnac Effect

    Horses on Rotating Track

    Race Track Race Track


    Sagnac Effect

    Birds Flying Over Rotating Track

    Race Track Race Track


    Sagnac Interferometer
    Sagnac Effect

    Assume Circular Cavity


    = 2R/c
    = propagation time & R = cavity radius
    = (2+)(R/c) - (2-)(R/c)
    = rotation per
    = 4R2/c2
    for , = = 4R2/c2
    Fresnel-Fizeau Drag Effect
    Fiber Optics

    Cylindrical
    Dielectric
    Waveguide
    Fiber Optics
    Snells Law

    n1sin(1) = n2sin(2)
    Critical Angle

    n1sin(1) = n2sin(2)
    set 2 = 90o
    divide by n1
    sin(1) = n2/n1
    1 = arcsin(n2/n1) = c
    Total Internal Reflection

    For 1 c
    c = arcsin(n2/n1)
    there can be no refraction
    all light is reflected
    n2 < n1
    c increases as n2/n1 decreases
    Fiber Optics
    Optical Fiber as Medium

    Closed Cavity Defined by Optical


    Fiber
    Optical Fiber as Medium

    Stable Alignment
    Coiling
    increased sensitivity
    smaller dimensions
    Advantages of Coiling Fiber

    = 2LD/c
    L = length of fiber
    D = diameter of coil

    = angular rotation

    = vacuum wavelength

    c = speed of light

    = 8AN/c
    A = are enclosed by coil
    N = number of coils
    Sources of Error

    Polarization
    Backscattering
    Faraday Effect
    Polarization

    Two Degenerate Modes


    Not Ideal
    random birefringence
    Stress
    additional birefringence
    Unequal Propagation Constants
    Polarization

    100s of Radians Error

    Polarizer
    input
    output
    Backscattering

    Rayleigh
    -4
    Interfaces
    normal: (n1-n2)2/(n1+n2)2
    Crosstalk

    Short Coherence Source


    Faraday Effect

    Magnetic Interference
    rotation of polarization state

    Untwisted Polarization-Maintaining
    Fiber
    Nonlinear Kerr Effect

    Optical Induced Electric Field


    n local irradiance

    Source
    broad-band
    low-coherence
    unpolarized
    Biasing

    Calibrated for Maximum Change in


    Intensity vs Rotation Rate
    Conclusion

    Easy to Fabricate
    Stable
    No Moving Parts
    Small Dimensions
    High Sensitivity
    References
    Sabina Merlo, Michele Norgia, and Silvano Donati, Fiber
    Gyroscope Principles, Handbook of Fibre Optic
    Sensing Technology, 2000 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
    Ralph A. Bergh, H. C. Lefevre, and Herbert J. Shaw, An
    Overview of Fiber-Optic Gyroscopes, Journal of
    Lightwave Technology, Vol. Lt-2, No. 2, April 1984.
    E. J. Post, Sagnac Effect, Reviews of Modern Physics,
    Volume 39, Number 2, April 1967.
    Jia-Ming Liu. Photonic Devices. Cambridge University
    Press, New York 2005.
    Bahaa E. A. Saleh & Malvin Carl Teich, Fundamentals of
    Photonics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, 1991.
    Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

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