Third Generation: Alison Griffiths Room C203 - Tel: 3292

Third Generation
Alison Griffiths
Room C203 - Tel: 3292
3G UMTS
 Contents
 Why 3G
 UMTS
 Use of UMTS at the moment
3G
 Third Generation (3G)
 We have looked at current and older technologies
over the last few weeks
 GSM
 GPRS
 EDGE
 3G is the current state of the art technology
 In terms of high speed data access over a cellular
environment
 The user can get access anywhere any time!
3G UMTS
 The Dream (intention)
 2G and 2.5G systems are incompatible around the
world.
 Worldwide devices need to have multiple technologies
inside of them, i.e. tri-band phones, dual-mode phones
 To develop a single standard that would be accepted
around the world
 One device should be able to work anywhere !
“Access to Information from Anyplace, Anytime”

3G UMTS
 The Dream (continued)
 Worldwide positioning available
 Able to pinpoint a device and direct services to it.
 Mostly to be used for “Push” services
 Increased data rate
 Maximum 2048Kbps
 Operational
 in Europe by 2002 ()
 Japan 2001 (this was achieved)
 Worldwide usage by 2005 (not going to happen)
3G UMTS
 The reality
 Different standards with some operators in America and the
rest of the world
 In the US market forces dictate the adopted technologies in Europe
this is done by the EU with the agreement of the member states
 In the future market forces may move towards a single
standard
 i.e. VHS and Betamax video tapes
 Difficulties
 World wide identical available spectrum
 Agreement on the encoding/decoding technique used
 Local influence groups
 Manufacturers who have invested in one technology
3G UMTS
 Standard
 The 3G standard was written by the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU)
 The standard was referred to as IMT-2000
 The key to the standards was the available data over the air
interface
 2Mbps in fixed or in-building environments
 384 kbps in pedestrian or urban environments
 144 kbps in wide area mobile environments
 Variable data rates in large geographic area systems
(satellite)
3G UMTS
 Other parts of the standard
 Frequency Spectrum
 Technical Specification
 Radio and Network components
 Tariffs and Billing
 Technical Assistance
 3 Main technical implementations were agreed
 UMTS - Europe
 CDMA2000 - America
 TD-SCDMA – China
3G Standards
 Added Confusion
 Two specification groups create the standards within
the ITU specifications
 3GPP
 Developed the standards for the UMTS system which is built upon
GSM
 3GPP2
 Developed the standards building upon the US CDMA networks,
specifically the CDMA-2000 standard
3G UMTS
 Universal Mobile Telecommunication system
(UMTS)
 UMTS
 Builds upon the successful European GSM network
 Incorporates the developments made for the GPRS and EDGE
networks
 Five areas of standardisation
 Radio
 Core Network
 Terminals
 Services
3G UMTS
 The core network
 Asynchronous Transfer Method (ATM)
 Has been defined as the core networking technology
 ATM allows circuit switched transfer of data using packets.
 High speed data transfer – currently maximum 10 Gbps
 Guarantee of quality of service for the duration of packet transfer
 Small packets used called cells for the transfer of data to minimise the
impact on the routers, network and switches.
 IPv6
 Arguments are being pushed for the core network to allow IPv6
 RFC3314, September 2002
 This would allow packets to be transferred directly from the internet to the
device with no translation
 IPv6 does contain QOS headers, which can be used with the correctly
configured hardware
 All 3G devices could have a single IP address that would not need to change
3G UMTS
 UMTS
 Full packet driven architecture
 For voice and for data transmissions.
 Packet based networks allow for an increased amount of
traffic on a medium.
 The only time part of that medium is blocked is when a
device is transmitting or receiving.
 Consider how often in your phone calls you actually say nothing
 Natural pause between words
 Taking a breath
 Waiting for a response
 Thinking of something to say
3G UMTS
 UMTS
 Offers voice and data services the same as EDGE
 Services offered will be classed into one of the following
Conversational Streaming Interactive Background
Real-Time Best-effort, guarantee of quality

delivery
Voice Streaming Video Web Pages MMS, SMS,
emails
 From these classes certain defined Quality of Service (QOS)
specifications are guaranteed like packet delay time
3G UMTS
 Intended Data Rates
 Actual data rates will be effected by
 Interference (other devices, background, buildings)
 Over use of the frequency
 Weather!
 Amount of other traffic
 Base station / cell actually attached to
 Speed you are moving at !
3G UMTS
 Types of Cells and Base station to use them
 Macro Cell
 These cover a large area and will give slow access
 144 Kbps – max speed of 500 Km/h
 Micro Cell
 These should cover a medium area
 384 Kbps max speed 120 Km/h
 Pico Cell
 Less than 100 metres
 2 Mbps – max speed of 10 Km/h
 Difficult to predict
 Actual distances and bandwidth depend on local conditions
3G UMTS
 Types of Cells and Base station to use them
 Cells will operate in a hierarchy overlaying each other
Global
Satellite
Suburban
Urban
In-Building
Micro-Cell Pico-Cell
Macro-Cell
3G UMTS
 Consider
 These data rates are in Mega Bits per Second and Kilo Bits
 In terms of data rate the measure of a kilo bit is 1000 bits
 Not the 1024 which is used for data storage
 So
 2 Mega Bits per Second = 244 Kilo Bytes per second (roughly)
3G UMTS
 What transmitters/base stations look like
 Pictures taken from (www.undetectables.co.uk, 2004)
3G UMTS
 Radio Interface
 Allocated Frequencies
3G
 3G spectrum auction
 License shows the size of the spectrum with A being the largest
 Part of the auction rules was a new company in the UK won the License type ‘A’
 Auction closed on the 27th April 2000
 The UK phone companies in June, 2003 said that they would claim the VAT
back on the license purchases! About £3.35 Billion pounds
 European Court case started the 6th October 2004
License Company Paid (Pounds)
A TIW (3) 4,384,700,000
B Vodafone 5,964,000,000
C MM02 4,030,100,000
D One2One (T-Mobile) 4,003,600,000
E Orange 4,095,000,000
3G UMTS
 UK 3G Winners ??
3G UMTS
 Radio Interface
 UMTS uses Wideband-Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA)
 Also known as “IMT-2000 Direct Spread”
 Extremely complex algorithms
 Uses 10x the current 2G processing power!
 Modulation is done with Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK)
 This encodes 2 bits with each change
 Supports two modes of operation
 Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
 Time Division Duplex (TDD)
3G UMTS
 Trivia
 Spread spectrum technology was patented by Actress
Hedy Lamarr in 1942
 She was the person who also gave us Cat woman out of the
Batman comics!
3G UMTS
 W-CDMA
 Operates in the same manner as the CDMA used in the US
 CDMA allows multiple users to communicate at the same time over
the same frequency
 Each of the devices is given a “Chipping code” this is known by the
device and the base station.
 This chipping code is then used to identify the signal and allows the BS
to receive the signal
 The chipping code is used to adjust the frequency of data transferred
during the transfer
 The essential point of CDMA is the use of power control
3G UMTS
 W-CDMA
 Wideband CDMA operates the same but this takes place
over a wider area of frequency
 UMTS uses 5MHz for the signal
 CDMA (narrowband) uses 200 KHz
 These communications are secure by the nature that unless the
chipping code is known, the sequence of the data can not be
known
 Communications can take place as soon as the device is ready
and frequency reuse factor is now one
3G UMTS
 W-CDMA
 Frequency Reuse Factor
 This is the distance which needs to be left between cells
 As the same frequency is reused and the chipping code which
is used is change and unique to a BS
 The frequency can be reused in adjoining cells
 Temporary Base stations can be added to the infrastructure if
required, as long as the chipping code was unique
3G UMTS
 Power Control
 If you consider a group of people speaking, Chinese, English
and Italian
 If these all speak at the same volume you can then listen for the parts
which you understand.
 If the English person starts talking louder than the rest, the all you will
hear is Italian
 The other languages will be drowned out
 CDMA Works on the same basis
 One point of CDMA is the power control, so that the power sent out is
just enough to allow data transfer to take place.
 As a side effect of this technology this controlling of the power that
the radio interface uses, also saves the battery on the device
3G UMTS
 W-CDMA
 Infrastructure
3G UMTS
 W-CDMA – UTRAN
 The core network for 3G will remain the same as GSM
 This is a purely cost issue, in the future the infrastructure will
be upgraded
GSM UMTS
Mobile device/station (MS) User Equipment (UE)
Base Station (BS) Node-B
Base Station Controller (BSC) Radio Network Controller (RNC)
3G UMTS
 W-CDMA
 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)
 A device which wishes to communicate need’s to request
access to the network
 This is to prevent too many devices communicating at once
 Although CDMA will theoretically allow a very large number of
user to communicate at once
 What actually happens is the quality of the calls is reduced
considerably
 This is a issue for voice but is a disaster for data calls
3G UMTS
 W-CDMA
 Handover
 UMTS will use a soft handover technique
 GSM used a hard handover technique
 In a handover the device is always attached to at least one BS
Node-B Node-B Node-B Node-B Node-B Node-B

3G UMTS
 3G UMTS was in the Isle of Man for Europe
 The equipment was run and operated by O2
 The license spectrum used on this island was given free by the government
 The actual devices used were given to some of the islanders
 The idea was to trial the equipment in a limited manner
 Also they wanted to see if there was a pattern of usage for the technology i.e. the
killer app
 As it is known now they have not found the single killer app, like SMS was for
GSM
 3G is becoming available
 Most of the operators are now planning to have some infrastructure installed
by the end of 2004.
 The devices are still not widely available and will mostly consist of the
wireless data cards for laptops at least initially
 Japan
 When we consider Japan for the killer app it was email!
 3G bandwidth is not needed for email!
UMTS
 Links
 Details of the 3G license auction (UK)
 www.umts-forum.org/servlet/dycon/ztumts/umts/Live/en/umts/Resources_Licensing_UK
 UMTS standards documents

 www.3gpp2.org/Public_html/specs/index.cfm

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Third Generation

“Access to Information from Anyplace, Anytime”

Real-Time Best-effort, guarantee of quality

Node-B Node-B Node-B Node-B Node-B Node-B

 UMTS standards documents

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