Week 5

Work, Energy and Power

4W + H in Energy matters?

What is energy?
Why energy is necessary?
Where is energy available?
When is energy used?
How energy is provided?
What is Energy?
We need energy to do work
We need energy to play
We need energy to watch TV
We need energy for lighting
We need energy for cooking
We need energy to live
We need energy for almost everything
IS AN IDEA, A CONCEPT THAT DEFINES THE
CAPACITY TO DO WORK
 Some Energy Considerations

Energy can be transformed from one form to

another

Essential to the study of physics, chemistry,

biology, geology, astronomy, etc.

Can be used in place of Newtons laws to solve

certain problems more simply
Work
Work involves force
Provides a link between force and
energy

x
The work, W, done by a constant
force on an object
is defined as the product of the component of
the force along the direction of displacement
and the magnitude of the displacement

W F x
= (Vector) . Vector)

= Scalar quantity..Unit = Joule, J

 Work done by non perpendicular
and paralel forces

W (F c o s q ) x
F is the magnitude of the
force

x is the magnitude of
the objects displacement

q is the angle between F and x

More About Work
The work done by a force is zero when the
force is perpendicular to the displacement
cos 90 = 0

If there are multiple forces acting on an

object, the total work done is the
algebraic sum of the amount of work
done by each force
 Work and Dissipative Forces
Work can be done by friction

The energy lost to friction by an object goes

into heating both the object and its
environment
Some energy may be converted into sound

For now, the phrase Work done by friction

will denote the effect of the friction processes
on mechanical energy alone
 Types of Forces

There are two general kinds of forces

Conservative
Work and energy associated with the force can
be recovered

Nonconservative
The forces are generally dissipative and work
done against it cannot easily be recovered
 Conservative Forces
A force is conservative if the work does on an
object moving between two points is
independent of the path the objects take
between the points

The work depends only upon the initial and final

positions of the object
Any conservative force can have a potential
energy function associated with it
 More About Conservative Forces

Examples of conservative forces include:

Gravity

Spring force

Electromagnetic forces

Potential energy is another way of looking at

the work done by conservative forces
 Nonconservative Forces

A force is nonconservative if the work it does on

an object depends on the path taken by the
object between its final and starting points.

Examples of nonconservative forces

kinetic friction, air drag, propulsive forces
Kinetic Energy
 Kinetic Energy
Energy associated with the motion of an
object
1
KE mv 2

2
Scalar quantity with the same units as work

Work is related to kinetic energy

 Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
When work is done by a net force on an object
and the only change in the object is its speed,
the work done is equal to the change in the
objects kinetic energy

W net K E f K E i K E
Speed will increase if work is positive
Speed will decrease if work is negative
Lets Check!
 W F .dx

W m.a.dx
dV
W m. .dx
dt
dV dt
W m. .dx.
dt dt
dx dx
W m.dV . V
dt dt
1
W m.V .dV W .mV 2
2
 The object moves from vi to vf in a distance
x; using equation of motion we can find its
acceleration.
v f vi
2 2

a
2x
Also from Newton's 2nd law F = ma, we can
write;
v f 2 vi 2
F ma m
2x

 v f 2 vi 2
F ma m
2x

1

Fx m v f vi
2
2 2

1 1
W Fx mv f mvi
2 2

2 2
W KE f KEi
W KE
 Work and Kinetic Energy

An objects kinetic energy can

also be thought of as the
amount of work the moving
object could do in coming to
rest

The moving hammer has

kinetic energy and can do
work on the nail
 Gravitational Potential
Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy is the energy associated
with the relative position of an object in space
near the Earths surface

Objects interact with the earth through the

gravitational force
Actually the potential energy is for the earth-object
system
 Work and Gravitational
Potential Energy

W grav ity P E i P E f

Units of Potential Energy

are the same as those of
Work and Kinetic Energy
W F .dx
W m.g.dx Relative position of an
object from earths
W m.g .h surface
 Work-Energy Theorem,
Extended
The work-energy theorem can be extended to
include potential energy:

Wnc (KEf KEi ) (PEf PEi )

If other conservative forces are present,

potential energy functions can be developed
for them and their change in that potential
energy added to the right side of the equation
 Conservation of Mechanical
Energy
Conservation in general
To say a physical quantity is conserved is to say
that the numerical value of the quantity remains
constant throughout any physical process

In Conservation of Energy, the total

mechanical energy remains constant
In any isolated system of objects interacting only
through conservative forces, the total mechanical
energy of the system remains constant.
Work- Energy Theorem
Energy is conserved
Energy Transformation for Downhill
Skiing
Roller Coaster
Energy Transformation on a Roller
Coaster
Energy Transformation for a
Pendulum
Energy Conversion
Energy Conversion
 Collisions
Elastic Collisions conserve both momentum and
kinetic energy
Inelastic Collisions conserve momentum by
energy is lost to heat
 Machines
A device that multiplies forces by
taking advantage of the definition or
work and the conservation of energy
Work input = Work output
Levers
Machines
 Conservation of Energy
Total mechanical energy is the sum of the
kinetic and potential energies in the system
Ei E f
KE i PE i KE f PE f
Other types of potential energy functions
can be added to modify this equation
 Example 1
The driver of a 1000 kg car traveling on the
interstate at 35 m/s slams on his brakes to avoid
hitting a second vehicle infront of him, which had
come to rest because of congestion ahead. After the
brakes are applied, a constant friction force of 8000
N acts on the car. Ignore air resistance.

a. At what minimum distance should the brakes be

applied to avoid a collision with the other vehicle?
b. If the distance between the vehicles is initially only
30 m, at what speed would the collision occur?
 Example 2

A projectile is launched with a speed of 40 m/s

at an angle of 60 above the horizontal. Find the
maximum height reached by the projectile
during its flight by using conservation of
energy.
 Example 3

A 70-kg diver steps off a 10-m tower and

drops, from rest, straight down into the
water. If he comes to rest 5.0 m beneath
the surface, determine the average
resistive force exerted on him by the
water.
1

10 M

5M

3
 Potential Energy Stored in
a Spring

Involves the spring constant, k

Hookes Law gives the force
F=-kx
F is the restoring force
F is in the opposite direction of x
k depends on how the spring was formed, the
material it is made from, thickness of the wire,
etc.
 Potential Energy in a Spring
Elastic Potential Energy
related to the work required to compress a
spring from its equilibrium position to some
final, arbitrary, position x

1 2
PE s kx
2
 Work-Energy Theorem
Including a Spring

Wnc = (KEf KEi) + (PEgf PEgi) + (PEsf PEsi)

PEg is the gravitational potential energy
PEs is the elastic potential energy associated with
a spring
PE will now be used to denote the total potential
energy of the system
 Conservation of Energy
Including a Spring

The PE of the spring is added to both

sides of the conservation of energy
equation

(K E P E g P E s )i (K E P E g P E s ) f
The same problem-solving strategies
apply
 Nonconservative Forces with
Energy Considerations
When nonconservative forces are present, the
total mechanical energy of the system is not
constant
The work done by all nonconservative forces
acting on parts of a system equals the change
in the mechanical energy of the system

W n c E n e rg y
 Nonconservative Forces and
Energy
In equation form:
Wnc KE f KE i (PE i PE f ) or
Wnc (KE f PE f ) (KE i PE i )

The energy can either cross a boundary or the

energy is transformed into a form of non-
mechanical energy such as thermal energy
 Transferring Energy

By Work
By applying a force
Produces a
displacement of the
system
 Transferring Energy
Heat
The process of transferring
heat by collisions between
molecules

For example, the spoon

becomes hot because some of
the KE of the molecules in the
coffee is transferred to the
molecules of the spoon as
internal energy
 Transferring Energy

Mechanical Waves
A disturbance propagates
through a medium

Examples include sound,

water, seismic
 Transferring Energy

Electrical transmission
Transfer by means of
electrical current

This is how energy

enters any electrical
device
 Transferring Energy

Electromagnetic radiation
Any form of electromagnetic
waves
Light, microwaves, radio
waves
 Power
Often also interested in the rate at which the
energy transfer takes place
Power is defined as this rate of energy transfer
W
Fv
t 2
J kg m
SI units are Watts (W) W 2
s s

1 KWh = 1000 Joules/second times 3600 Seconds

= 3.6 X 106 Joule
The minimum work required to
raise a 800 N person up 10 m, is:

W=Fd

W = (800 N) (10 m) = 8000 J

If this work is done in 60 sec, then

what is the power?

W 8000 J J
P = = = 133 = 133 watts
t 60 sec sec
or
1 hp
133 watts = 0.18 hp ( ~1/6 hp )
746 watt
A Big Mac contains about 2,000,000 J of
chemical energy. If all this energy could
be used to power a 60 watt light bulb, how
long could it run?

E
P =
t
E 2,000,000 J
t = =
P 60 watt
J
t = 33,000
J/sec

t = 33,000 sec ( ~ 9 hr )
 Example Bicycling
A cyclist who wants to move at velocity v
while overcoming a force F must produce a
power output of at least P = Fv. At 5 m/s
against an air resistance of F = 30 N, P = 150
W. However, even going up a gentle slope of
5o, an 82 kg cyclist (+ bike) needs to output
500 W!
P Fv ( Fair mg sin q )v
Can define units of work or energy in terms of
units of power:
kilowatt hours (kWh) are often used in electric
bills
This is a unit of energy, not power
 Center of Mass
The point in the body at which all the
mass may be considered to be
concentrated

When using mechanical energy, the change

in potential energy is related to the change
in height of the center of mass
 Work Done by Varying Forces

The work done by a

variable force acting on an
object that undergoes a
displacement is equal to
the area under the graph
of F versus x
 Spring Example
Spring is slowly
stretched from 0 to xmax

Fapplied = -Frestoring = kx

W = kx
 The work is also equal
to the area under the
curve

In this case, the curve

is a triangle

A = B h gives
W = k x2
 Example 4

A 0.250-kg block is placed on a light

vertical spring (k = 5.00 x 103 N/m) and
pushed downward, compressing the spring
0.100 m. After the block is released, it
leaves the spring and continues to travel
upward. What height above the point of
release will the block reach if air resistance
is negligible?
 Example 5

A 50.0-kg student climbs a 5.00-m-long rope

and stops at the top.

(a) What must her average speed be in order to

match the power output of a 200-W light
bulb?
(b) How much work does she do?
 Final Question!

An extreme skier, starting from rest, coasts down

a mountain that makes an angle 25.0 with the
horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic friction
between her skis and the snow is 0.200. She
coasts for a distance of 8.0 m before coming to
the edge of a cliff. Without slowing down, she
skis off the cliff and lands downhill at a point
whose vertical distance is 4.00 m below the
edge. How fast is she going just before she
lands?