Properties of WOOD - Page 1 To 41

Presented by: John Zedrick B.
Trinidad
New Era University
CE412- Construction Materials & Testing
Group 1
1. Wood is fibrous material. In which the fibers run
longitudinally through the wood section.
2. Wood is viscoelastic. Under relatively low stresses, it
behaves elastically.
3. Wood is anisotropic. Properties are different along
the grain from perpendicular to the grain.
4. Wood is hygroscopic. It absorb moisture.
1. Strong Material
2. Durable
3. Light in weight
4. Ease of working and fastening
5. With artistic and natural beauty
1. In proportion to weight, wood is stronger than the
other materials.
2. Wood is easily worked out with tools and fabricated
into many shapes, sizes and design.
3. Wood is excellent non-conductor of heat. It is warm
in winter and cool in summer.
4. With artistic grains and appearance conducive to
architectural designs, adding beauty and attraction
to furniture and interior finishes.
5. It is abundant in many shapes, color, sizes and as
renewable resources
6. The use of timber connectors in wide trusses
and spans generally permit the use of small
wood members.
7. In terms of value, wood does not deteriorate if
properly handled and protected.
8. It is not readily affected by changing styles.
9. It has prompt resale value.
10. Neither heat nor cold or climate changes
would seriously affect the physical properties
of wood.
Strength is the ability of wood in resisting stress and
strain.
However,
strength of different wood varies in the following
manner:
1. Resistant to compression along the fibers.
2. Stiffness or the ability to resist bending stress.
3. Strength in tension or the ability to resist lengthwise
stresses.
4. Shearing strength or the ability of the fibers to resist
rupture along or across the grain.
Moisture is an important factor affecting the strength of wood. To
a certain extent, strength increases with the degree of wood
seasoning.
MC% = weight of water in the wood x 1 00
oven-dry weight
Knots and other defects in wood materially affect the strength

more particularly the size, character and location of the knots or
defects. For instance, in cross bending strength, knots on the
upper portion of the beam do not detract from the strength as
when they are located on the lower portion of the beam.
Weight of wood is another important
consideration because heavy woods are
generally stronger than light woods.
Hardness is expressed as resistance to

indentation or to the saw or axe across the grain.
Depends on: Weight of wood
Degree of seasoning
Cleavability is the resistance of wood to split along
the grains.
Toughness- combined strength, shock resistance

and flexibility of wood.
Durability- the ability to resist decay/ length of life

under a given condition
Color- means of identifying wood

Wood siding, boards and batters, plywood
exterior finish, shingles and shakes,
hardboard siding, wood finishes, softwood
flooring, decking, hardwood strip flooring,
parquet flooring, hardboard finishing
panels, fiberboard panels.
Common Name(s): Narra, Amboyna (burl)
Scientific Name: Pterocarpus indicus
Distribution: Southeast Asia
Tree Size: 65-100 ft (20-30 m) tall, 3-5 ft (1-1.5 m) trunk
diameter
Average Dried Weight: 41 lbs/ft3 (655 kg/m3)
Specific Gravity (Basic, 12% MC): .54, .66
Janka Hardness: 1,260 lbf (5,620 N)
Modulus of Rupture: 13,970 lbf/in2 (96.3 MPa)
Elastic Modulus: 1,724,000 lbf/in2 (11.89 GPa)
Crushing Strength: 8,270 lbf/in2 (57.0 MPa)
Shrinkage: Radial: 2.8%, Tangential: 4.0%, Volumetric:
6.9%, T/R Ratio: 1.4
Common Name(s): Macassar Ebony, Striped Ebony,
Amara Ebony
Scientific Name: Diospyros celebica
Tree Size: 50-65 ft (15-20m) tall, 1.5 ft (.4 m) trunk
diameter
Average Dried Weight: 70 lbs/ft3 (1,120 kg/m3)
Specific Gravity (Basic, 12% MC): .89, 1.12
Shrinkage: No data available
Common Name(s): Mangium
Scientific Name: Acacia mangium
Distribution: Australia and Papua New Guinea
Tree Size: 65-100 ft (20-30 m) tall, 1-2 ft (.3-.6 m) trunk
diameter
10.7%, T/R Ratio: 2.8
Common Name(s): Red Palm, Coconut Palm
Scientific Name: Cocos nucifera
Distribution: Throughout the tropics worldwide
Tree Size: 65-100 ft (20-30 m) tall, 1-1.3 ft (.3-.4 m) trunk
diameter
Shrinkage: Radial: ~5.5%, Tangential: ~5.5%,
Volumetric: ~11.0%, T/R Ratio: ~1.0
(Weight and hardness is for the higher-grade outer
material, not the inner material.)
Common Name(s): Khasi Pine, Benguet Pine
Scientific Name: Pinus kesiya (syn. P. insularis)
Distribution: India and southeast Asia; also grown on
plantations in Africa and South America
diameter
Janka Hardness: 670 lbf (3,000 N)
13.6%, T/R Ratio: 1.6
Common Name(s): Merbau, Kwila, Ipil
Scientific Name: Intsia spp. (I. bijuga, I. palembanica)
Distribution: From East Africa to Southeast Asia and
Australia;
(primarily New Guinea)
Tree Size: 130-200 ft (40-60 m) tall, 4-5 ft (1.2-1.5 m)
trunk diameter
8.0%, T/R Ratio: 1.7
Common Name(s): Dark Red Meranti, Lauan,
Philippine Mahogany
Scientific Name: Shorea spp.
Tree Size: 65-130 ft (20-40 m) tall, 3-6 ft (1-2 m) trunk
diameter
Janka Hardness: 800 lbf (3,570 N)
12.5%, T/R Ratio: 2.0
Common Name(s): Keruing, Apitong
Scientific Name: Dipterocarpus spp.
diameter
16.3%, T/R Ratio: 2.0
5 3 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
1. Dampness. State or condition of being
slightly wet.
2. Exposure to fire or weather.
3. Presence of wood-destroying insects.
Termites, carpenter ants, marine borers
etc.
Preservatives. creosite, creosote solutions,
oil-borne chemicals, and water borne
inorganic compounds.
Fire Retardants. Reduce flame spread, fuel
contributed, and smoke developed. Water-
soluble salts.
Lumber is the term applied to wood after it was sawed or sliced into
boards, planks, sticks, etc. for commercial purposes
Dressed lumber having at least one smooth sides
S2s Smooth on two sides
S4s Smooth on four sides
Slab is a kind of rough lumber cut tangent to the annual rings of
wood running the full length of the log and containing at least one flat
surface
Timber is a piece of lumber five inches or larger in its smallest
dimension.
Plank is a wide piece of lumber from 2 to 5 inches thick.
Board is a piece of lumber less than 1 thick and at least 4 inches
wide.
Seasoning drying of lumber
Smith, R.C. (1998) Materials of Construction 4th ed. Chapter 1. Wood.
Fajardo, M.B. Jr. (2000) Simplified Methods on Building Construction. Chapter 3-
Lumber.
www.filtratimber.com/wood/wood-species

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Presented by: John Zedrick B.

Knots and other defects in wood materially affect the strength

Hardness is expressed as resistance to

Toughness- combined strength, shock resistance

Durability- the ability to resist decay/ length of life

Color- means of identifying wood

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