DigitalRelaying

DIGITAL RELAY
1
BENEFITS OF DIGITAL RELAYING
Digital Relaying is the field where power

system relaying functions are performed
with the help of a digital computer.
Cost: Considering the steadily declining cost

and substantial increase of computational
power of digital computers, the digital relays
have advantage over analog relays.
2
Self-Checking and Reliability: A computer
relay can be programmed to monitor
several of its hardware and software
subsystems continuously, thus detecting
any malfunctions that may occur and they
could be repaired before they have a
chance to operate. In this sense, they are
more relaible.
3
System Integration and Digital Environment:
Digital computers/technology have become
the basis of most systems in substations.
Measurements, communication, and control
are all computerized. Many power transducers
(current and voltage transformers) are in the
process of becoming digital systems. Fiber
optic links (because of their immunity to EMI)
are likely to become the medium of signal
transmission. Thus, in substations of future,
computer relays will fit naturally. 4
Functional Flexibility and Adaptive

Relaying: Since the computer can be
programmed to perform many tasks, the
relay computer has the flexibility to other
substation tasks.
Secondly, a digital relay has the ability to
change relay characteristics (settings) as
the system conditions warrant it.
5
COMPUTER RELAY ARCHITECTURE
Fig. 1: Subsystems of a computer relay 6

The processor is central to relay system. It is
responsible for relay program execution,
maintenance of various timing functions, and
communication with peripheral devices.
The dashed line at the top (Fig. 1) indicates the
boundary of the outdoor switchyard. All other
equipment is inside the control house.
The relay inputs are currents and voltage (and
digital signals indicating contact status).
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The relay system in Fig. 1 uses CT and PT
(CVT) for current and voltage measurement.
The analog signals are converted to digital
signals by ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter).
Usually, the input to ADC is restricted to a full
scale value of 10 V. Thus, the current and
voltage signals obtained from current and
voltage transformer secondary windings must
be scaled accordingly.
The largest possible signal level must be
anticipated.
8
It is not necessary to allow for high frequency
transients in most cases, as these are
removed by anti-aliasing filters which have a
low cut-off frequency.
The current inputs must be converted to
voltages by shunts (Fig. 2). As the normal CT
secondary current can be sometimes very
high, shunts of very low resistance are
needed to produce desired voltage for ADC.
9
An alternative arrangement may be to use
an auxiliary CT to reduce the current to
lower level.
Fig. 2: Scaling of current (with CT) for relay input

10
In PT connection, a fused circuit is provided
for each instrument/relay (Fig. 3).
The normal secondary voltage of PT is 67V
(rms) for phase-to-neutral connection.
Fig. 3: Scaling of voltage (with PT) for

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relay input
It is reduced to desired level by a resistive
potential divider sized to provide adequate
source impedance to drive the following filter
stages and amplifiers.
Digital inputs to computer relay are contact
status from other relays/subsystems.
If other subsystems are computerized, these
signals can be input to the computer realy
without any further processing.
12
An exception is the opto-isolator provided for
isolation between two systems. When digital
signals are derived from contacts within the
yard, it is necessary to apply surge filtering or
optical isolation to isolate the computer relay
from harsh substation environment.
SURGE SUPPRESSION:
The surges are created by fault and switching
operations in the power system or control
house.
13
An example is sparking contacts in inductive
protection and control circuits.
High voltage and high energy content
surges are coupled into the wiring which
connects current, voltage and digital inputs
to the protection system.
Suppression of surges require very careful
grounding and shielding of lead and
equipment, as well as low-pass filtering.
14
with simultaneous sampling, the different
signals could be combined directly.
In general, the simultaneous sampling
eventually leads to system wide
synchronization.
RELAY OUTPUT:
Digital outputs from processor is used to
provide relay output in the form of open or
close contacts.
15
A parallel output port of the processor
provides one word (typically two bytes) for
these outputs. Each bit can be used as a
source for one contact.
The computer output bit is a TTL level signal
and should be optically isolated before driving
high speed relays or thyristors which in turn
can be used to activate external devices such
as alarms, breaker trip coils etc.
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In a single relay multiple protection
elements, multiple characteristics, breaker
failure protection, instrumentation,
auxiliary time delayed elements
configurable internal scheme logic and self
checking facilities are available.
It offers programmable logics for multiple
inputs and outputs
17
It can also be interfaced with computer in
substation or other remote sites through
communication system. For
communication standard IEC61850
protocol is used for all digital relays.
Information can be accessed quickly.
Traditional problem of over run and inertia
of electromagnetic relays is substantially
reduced.
18
The relay settings are stored in the RAM
of the relay
It has another great advantage in integral
measurement, fault recording and
disturbance recording. These are very
much required in post fault analysis and
system performance analysis.
19
These relay has self checking facilities in
respect of relay hardware, relay software,
output relays, power supply and CT/PT
circuits. In acse any problem relay gives
alarm.
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DIGITAL RELAY

Digital Relaying is the field where power

Cost: Considering the steadily declining cost

Functional Flexibility and Adaptive

Fig. 1: Subsystems of a computer relay 6

Fig. 2: Scaling of current (with CT) for relay input

Fig. 3: Scaling of voltage (with PT) for

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