7 - Asam Nukleat Biokimia I, 24102013

STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI
Asam Nukleat
(Nucleic Acid)
Company
Biokim 1, 2013
LOGO
Contents
1 Introduction
Biokim I, 2 Structure & function of NA
Asam
Nukleat 3 Gene expression
2013
INTRODUCTION
Biology: An Overview
Apa itu Kehidupan?

Berfikir ilmiah tentang kehidupan
Chemistry dari kehidupan?
Sel dan arsitek dari sel?
The carbon cycle.
Procaryote sizes and structures
Level of Biological Information
CELL
9
Formation of polynucleotides and polypeptides
STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI
AS NUKLEAT
Friedrich Miescher in 1869
o Isolated what he called nuclein from the nuclei

of pus cells
o Nuclein was shown to have acidic properties,
hence it became called nucleic acid
2007 Paul Billiet ODWS

Two types of nucleic acid are found
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

The Nucleic acids in the eukaryotic cell
o DNA is found in the nucleus

with small amounts in mitochondria
and chloroplasts
o RNA is found throughout the cell
NUCLEOTIDE STRUCTURE
PHOSPATE SUGAR BASE

PURINES PYRIMIDINES
Ribose or
Deoxyribose Adenine (A) Cytocine (C)
Guanine(G) Thymine (T)
Uracil (U)
NUCLEOTIDE
Pentose Sugar
Carbons are numbered clockwise 1 to 5
5
CH2
C4 C1
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
C3 C2
Spot the difference
RIBOSE DEOXYRIBOSE
CH2OH CH2OH
O OH O OH
C C C C
H H H H H H H H
C C C C
OH OH OH H
THE SUGAR-PHOSPHATE BACKBONE
P
The nucleotides are all
orientated in the same
direction P
The phosphate group joins the

3rd Carbon of one sugar to the P
5th Carbon of the next in line.
P
P
ADDING IN THE BASES G
The bases are P

attached to the 1st C
Carbon
Their order is P
important C
It determines the
genetic information of P
the molecule A
P
T
P
T
Base-Pairings
Purines only pair with Pyrimidines
Three hydrogen bonds required to bond Guanine and Cytosine
Two hydrogen bonds are required to bond Adenine and
Thymine
3 H-bonds
G C
T A
Remember HOW the Carbons Are Numbered!
Phosphate
Group
O 5
O=P-O CH2
O O
N
Nitrogenous base
C4 C1 (A, G, C, or T)
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
C3 C2
A short length of
deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA), showing four
nucleotides. One of the
phosphodiester bonds
that link adjacent
nucleotides is shaded
yellow, and one of the
nucleotides is enclosed in
a gray box.
Watson & Crick Base pairing

Remember the Strands are Antiparallel
5 O 3
3 O
P 5 P
5 O
1 G C 3
2
4 4
2 1
3 5
O
P P
5
T A 3
O
5
P 3 P
24
The Double Helix (1953)
Public Domain image

Dr Kalju Kahn USBC Chemistry and Biochemistry
Antiparallel Strands
One strand of DNA goes from 5 to 3

(sugars)
The other strand is opposite in
direction going 3 to 5 (sugars)
Transkripsi dan Translasi
Gene Expression
Gene & Genome
Genome = Semua masa DNA yang terdapat

dalam Sel atau Organisme mis;
genom manusia adalah 5x 109
Gene = Unit terkecil dari genom yang

mengkode protein
Genetic Blueprint to Biological Function
Dogma Central
GENE EXPRESSION
DNA RNA PROTEIN
Protein Fungsional
1. Bioregulator (Hormon)
2. Biokatalisator (Enzim)
3. Protein Transport
4. Protein Pelindung
5. Protein struktural
6. Protein kontraktil
Gene to Gene Products
Protein Synthesis
DNA APLICATION
NON-CODING REGIONS
(VNTR)
35
DNA PROFILING
1980 - American researchers discovered

non-coding regions of DNA
1984 - Professor Alec Jeffreys developed
the process of DNA profiling
1987 - First conviction based

on DNA evidence
36
37
DNA PROFILING
A process or technique of analysis

revealing unique patterns of an
individuals DNA
involving non-coding regions
38
STAGES INVOLVED
Cells broken down to release

DNA
DNA strands cut into

fragments
Fragments separated
Pattern of fragments analysed
39
1. DNA EXTRACTION
40
2. DNA CUTTING 3. FRAGMENT SEPARATION
The samples containing the fragments

are pipetted into individual wells in a gel
41
ELECTROPHORESIS
Fragments separated by length
DNA (negatively charged)
Moves towards +ve terminal
Shorter fragments move faster
42
4.DNA TRANSFER
DNA split into single strands

using alkaline solution
DNA fragments transferred from
gel to filter paper or nylon
membrane
(This is called Southern blotting)
Gel, with filter paper attached, is
removed & separated
43
5. ANALYSIS
Radioactive probe in Revealing a pattern

solution binds to DNA of bands
44
X-ray film
SOME APPLICATIONS
Forensic Science
Family Relationships
Health Care
45
FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS
46
HEALTH CARE
47
DNA PROFILE
Puppy
Sire
Dam
48

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STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI

Apa itu Kehidupan?

o Isolated what he called nuclein from the nuclei

2007 Paul Billiet ODWS

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

2007 Paul Billiet ODWS

o DNA is found in the nucleus

PHOSPATE SUGAR BASE

The phosphate group joins the

The bases are P

2007 Paul Billiet ODWS

Public Domain image

One strand of DNA goes from 5 to 3

Genome = Semua masa DNA yang terdapat

Gene = Unit terkecil dari genom yang

DNA RNA PROTEIN

1980 - American researchers discovered

1987 - First conviction based

A process or technique of analysis

Cells broken down to release

DNA strands cut into

Pattern of fragments analysed

The samples containing the fragments

Fragments separated by length

DNA (negatively charged)

Moves towards +ve terminal

Shorter fragments move faster

DNA split into single strands

Radioactive probe in Revealing a pattern

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