CHE 301

Occupational Safety and Health Act

Assignment 3

INTRODUCTION TO
CHEMICAL HEALTH RISK
ASSESSMENT (CHRA)
Khairunnisa binti Kamar Shah KD5 A2
Nadira binti Ikhsan
Hazimah binti Madzaki
INTRODUCTION
Chemical Health Risk Assesment
 To recommend further appropriate control
(CHRA)
measures to prevent or reduce risks.
 To provide guidelines to employers & safety &
health practitioners, to assists them on the Types of Assessment
procedures and protocol for conducting an
assessment.
 Generic Assessment
 Full Assessment
Objectives of CHRA
\
Steps In Assessment
 To identify the hazards posed by each
chemical by each chemical substance used,  Deciding the assessor.
stored, handled, or transported within the  Gather information.
place of work.
 Divide into work unit.
 To evaluate the degree of exposure of
employees to the chemicals hazardous to
 Determine degree of hazard.
health, either through inhalation, skin  Evaluate exposure.
absorption or indigestion.  Assess adequacy of control measure.
 To evaluate the adequacy of existing control  Conclude the assessment.
measures.
 Identify action to be taken.
 To conclude on the significance of the health
risk posed by the chemicals hazardous to  Reporting the assessment.
health.  Review assessment.
DECIDING THE ASSESSOR
Assessor is assisted by: Assessor is expected to:

 Safety & health officer or safety  Carry out assessment of health risk
engineer.  Furnish report to employer
 Doctor.  Inform of immediate danger
 Process/chemical engineer or chemist. discovered
 An experienced & knowledgeable  Make recommendation:
member of safety & health committee.
- To make changes.
 An experienced & knowledgeable
member of safety & health committee. - To control any accidental emission of
hazardous chemical.
Abilities - Carry out health surveillance program.
- Conduct exposure monitoring program
 Interpret information in (CSDS) & labels. - Institute a training program.
 Understand the hazard classification.  Present his findings &
 Observe condition of work & foresee recommendation.
potential problem  Submit the completion of assessment
 Communicate effectively with others and summary to director.
 Draw all information in systematic way
 Report the findings
GATHER INFORMATION
Information to be Gathered

 Chemical Hazardous to Health

 Accident & Incidences
- list of chemical used or released.  Monitoring Program
- the nature & degree of exposure.
- exposure standard & performance criteria.  Health Surveillance
- recommended control measures.
 Training Program
 Layout Plan
- sketch showing locations of machinery & other
 PPE Program
equipments.
Sources of Information
 Process Flowchart
- show steps in the process  Information on Chemicals
- provide information on the trade and common
 Employees at Risk names, chemical compositions, quantities used or
- number of male & female workers stored & locations where chemicals are used or
- working hours stored.
- list of jobs  Other Information
 Engineering Control Equipment - employees’ particulars & training records
- design parameters - maintenance of the engineering equipment
- record of inspection - health surveillance records
- record of examination & testing of equipment - plant layout & process flow chart
DIVIDE INTO WORK UNIT
Work Unit - work directly with the chemical.
- work near or pass through areas that is
 A group of workers doing similar tasks exposed to the chemicals.
having similar potential for exposure - enter a confined space in which the chemical
whether in one work area covering several might be present.
work areas and exposed to the same
- Clean, perform maintenance or other work in
chemicals hazardous to health.
the areas.
People to be considered  For each department get the list of job title
groups.
 Production employees.  For each job title groups identify the
 Ancillary or support employees. chemical hazardous to health.
 Contractors on site  Talk to supervisors & employees regarding
practical information about practices &
 Visitors.
procedures.
 Supervisors & managers.  Characterize as follows:
 Students. Work area Work performed = Work unit
(mixing + (operator) Mixing operator
 Office workers.
area)
 Where the chemical hazardous to health
Identification
used or exposed to & the tasks are similar
 Conduct ‘walk-through’ inspection to identify for a number of job title groups, they may be
all persons who might be exposed, include group together & considered as a single
persons who: work unit.
 DETERMINE DEGREE OF
HAZARD.
 Hazard rating to a pure Hazard Rating (HR) 

chemical 1. HR 5.Very toxic chemicals LD50<25 mg/kg,

LD50<50 mg/kg and LC50<0.5mg/litre. enter
1. Get information on description. through oral and skin-injury to mucous
2. Use table 1 to get hazard rating based membrane, skin and eyes by single exposure.
on health effect. Table 2 based on 2. HR 4.Very corrosive (R 35:cause severe
burn).LD50:25-200mg/kg, LD50:50-
hazard classification. 400mg/kg and LC 0.5-2mg/litre. It is same
3. Hazard rating in descending order. like HR 5 but it is in prolonged exposure.
3. HR 3.Corrosive,respiratory sensitisers, irritant
4. Single hazard rating based on
serious eye damage, LD50:200-500mg/kg,
greatest degree of hazard. 400-2000mg/kg, LC50: 2-20mg/litre.-cause
5. Assign an ‘sk’ notation in Group 2. serious damage to skin, eyes and mucous
membrane after repeated or prolonged
6. Make sure that chemical substance in exposure.
Group 2 do not fall in Group 1. 4. HR 2.Skin sensitisers and skin irritants. Cause
The risk phrases: reversible effects to ski, eye and mucous
membrane.
 Acute effects 5. HR 1. Not hazardous. Cause no known
 Chronic effects adverse effects.
EVALUATE EXPOSURES.
 DEGREE OF EXPOSURES. rating description Definition
Estimation of the degree of exposure 5 Frequent Exposure one
depends on these parameters: or more time
1. Frequency of exposures per day
Frequency rating 4 probable Greater than
one time per
week
3 Occasional Greater than
one time per
month
2 Remote Greater than
one time per
year
1 improbable Less than one
per year
 CONTROL MEASURES.
 HIERARCHY OF CONTROL MEASURES  ADEQUACY CONTROL MEASURES
1. Elimination of chemical hazardous to health from the
workplace. 1. Suitability.
2. Substitution of chemical hazardosus to health with a less  Toxicity of chemical.
hazardous chemical.
 Physical and chemical properties.
3. Total enclosure of process and handling systems.
4. Isolation of the work to control the emission of chemicals  Nature of work.
hazardous to health.
 Adaptability
5. Modification of the process parameters.
6. Application of engineering control equipment.  Route of entry.
7. Adoption of safe work systems and practices that 3. Use.
eliminate or minimise the risk to health.
8. Provision of approval personal protective equipment. 4. Effectiveness.
 In general
 OTHER CONTROL MEASURES
 For local exhaust
1. Personal hygiene.
2. Maintenance of control equipment.  For personal protective equipment.
3. Providing information, instruction and training to 5. Maintanance.
workers.
 For engineering control
4. Monitoring of personel exposures and general air levels.
5. Health surveillance on those workers handling chemicals.  For personal protectivee
6. Emergency procedures and first aid.  quipment.
 Qualitative eatimation of magnitude of
Duration of exposures . exposure.
 Rating is used to asses chronic or routine exposures. Is made for two main entry:
 Twice the exposures duration results in twice the  Inhalation
exposures.  Dermal
 Assessing chronic exposures use the total exposure
Magnitude of exposure is depends on the estimated
duration rather than the frequen cy of exposure. absorbed dose through inhalation and skin absorption.
 Total exposure of duration is the product of the Degree of chemical release or presence.
number of exposures and average duration of each
1. Low
exposures.
2. Moderate
INTENSITY OF MAGNITUDE EXPOSURE.
3. High
 Quantitative evaluation.
Degree of chemical absorbed or contacted
 Rating acute exposure.
4. Low
 Rating chronic exposure.
5. Moderate
 Estimation of 8 hours Exposure using direct heating 6. High
instrument.
Assigning Magnitude Rating
 Rating exposure immediately dangerous to life or
Degree of release depends on the
health
7. Low
 Rating additive effects
8. Moderate
9. High
 Modifying Factors
+1 (Maximum MR not to exceed 5)
 Assign exposure rating
Based on the frequency rating or
duration rating versus magnitude
rating.
CONCLUDING THE ASSESMENT
 Evaluation of risk  Conclusion of CHRA
◦ RR (risk rating) = ◦ C1 : risk not significant now
√(HR(hazard rating ) x ER and not likely to increase in
(exposure rating)) future
◦ risk matrix (Table 12) ◦ C2 : risk significant but
 Significations of risk already adequate controlled
could increase in future
◦ Evaluated either
“significant” or “not ◦ C3 : risk significant now ,
significant” based on and not adequate controlled
hazard rating (HR) or ◦ C4 : uncertain about risk
exposure rating (ER) (insufficient information)
◦ C5 : uncertain about risk
(uncertain about degree
and extent of exposure
 ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN
ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN NECCESSITY FOR HEALTH SURVEILLANCE
Taking appropriate measures PROGRAMME
Measures to eliminate the risk
Ending, setting new date or review the assessment. An identifiable work-related disease for that hazardous
Determining monitoring of exposures chemical used in the work
Planning term strategies The disease or conditions might occur during the working
Obtaining information or advice on certain issues. hour.
Maintaining control equipment. Valid techniques are available.

EXAMPLE OF PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS NECCESSITY FOR EMPLOYEE TRAINING AND

Problem RETRAINING
A workers did not wearing personal protective equipment (PPE)
during working hours. Workers who may be exposed to a chemical hazardous
He/she is accidentally expose to the dangerous substance. Supervisorsof workers at risk from exposure.
Solution Members of a safety and heath committee.
All the workers need to wear personal protective equipment Workers responsible for purchasing chemical hazardous.
(PPE) during working hours to prevent the exposure of Those who have direct involvement in fire
chemical substance.
THE SCOPE OF TRAINING.
SPECIFIC ACTION TO BE TAKEN Legislativerequirements
Chemicals with ‘sk’ notation
Information on chemicals hazardous to health.
Carcinogens, respiratory sensitisers
Personal safety.
Immediate danger to life or property
Emergency procedures.

NECESSITY FOR EMPLOYEE EXPOSURE MONITORING

PROGRAMME
RETRAINING OF EMPLOYEES.
At least once a year.
Each time there is change in information of hazard and
Toensure that the employees exposure levels are maintained
To
control measure.
ensure the maintenance of adequate control of the
Each time a worker is a sign to a new task or new work
employees
An approved method of sampling and analysis area.
REPORT WRITING
Executive summary Conclusions
One page summary of the purpose, main Discussion of findings
activities, findings and conclusion. Discuss factors that contribute to the
significant health risks
Background Action to be taken
List down the actions to be taken by the
Introduction
Description of work site, processes employer with the Occupational Safety and
Health to minimize the health risks of
carried out and workers
workers to chemicals
Summary of previous assessment and
findings
Assessor’s Particulars
Assessment Methods Name and DOSH Registration Reference
Describe the assessment methodology
Location and date of assessment

Findings
Appendices
Results of hazard determination for the
Forms A, B, C, D, E and F
chemicals used/exposed to Machines layout and the location of the
Results of exposure assessment
workers selected for assessment
Adequacy of existing control measures Process flow-chart
Risk decisions Other relevant information
REVIEW ASSESSMENT
A significantchange in The significant changes may
include:
the work to which the Changes in the chemicals used
assessment relates or handled
More than five years Increasing/decreasing utilization
Changes in the methods/rate of
have elapsed since last
work
assessment Deterioration in the efficiency
Directed by the of control equipment
Director General, Plant/system failure
New information on the hazards
Deputy Director
of the chemical becomes
General or Director of available
Occupational Safety New/improved control measures

and Health become praticable

CONCLUSION
If Chemical Hazard Risk Assessment is does not apply in
working place, a lot of exposure of chemical hazards by
workers is occurred.
The workers will expose to dangerous disease and will die if
they are over exposed.
All the factory or any working place needs to protect their
workers from the exposure of hazardous.
We also can save our Earth without the release or exposure of
chemical hazardous.
All the workers are save from any disease or injuries in
accident.
The working time also will saved without any accident occur
in the work place.