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    Viruses

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    Rimayani
    1. The discovery of viruses began in the late 19th century when scientists found that certain diseases could be transmitted through filters that blocked bacteria, indicating the causative agent was smaller than bacteria. 2. Viruses have both living and non-living properties - they can only replicate inside living cells but lack internal structures like cells. They contain either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid which may have an external envelope. 3. Viruses infect host cells through attachment and entry, then use the host's cellular machinery to produce more virus particles which are released to infect new cells, either killing the host cell (lytic cycle) or remaining dormant (lysogenic cycle).

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    Viruses

    Uploaded by

    Rimayani
    406 views40 pages
    1. The discovery of viruses began in the late 19th century when scientists found that certain diseases could be transmitted through filters that blocked bacteria, indicating the causative agent was smaller than bacteria. 2. Viruses have both living and non-living properties - they can only replicate inside living cells but lack internal structures like cells. They contain either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid which may have an external envelope. 3. Viruses infect host cells through attachment and entry, then use the host's cellular machinery to produce more virus particles which are released to infect new cells, either killing the host cell (lytic cycle) or remaining dormant (lysogenic cycle).

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    Virus

    Original Title

    7. VIRUSES

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    1. The discovery of viruses began in the late 19th century when scientists found that certain diseases could be transmitted through filters that blocked bacteria, indicating the causative agent was smaller than bacteria. 2. Viruses have both living and non-living properties - they can only replicate inside living cells but lack internal structures like cells. They contain either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid which may have an external envelope. 3. Viruses infect host cells through attachment and entry, then use the host's cellular machinery to produce more virus particles which are released to infect new cells, either killing the host cell (lytic cycle) or remaining dormant (lysogenic cycle).

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    406 views40 pages

    Viruses

    Uploaded by

    Rimayani
    1. The discovery of viruses began in the late 19th century when scientists found that certain diseases could be transmitted through filters that blocked bacteria, indicating the causative agent was smaller than bacteria. 2. Viruses have both living and non-living properties - they can only replicate inside living cells but lack internal structures like cells. They contain either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid which may have an external envelope. 3. Viruses infect host cells through attachment and entry, then use the host's cellular machinery to produce more virus particles which are released to infect new cells, either killing the host cell (lytic cycle) or remaining dormant (lysogenic cycle).

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 40

    Discovery of Viruses

    Charles Chamberland (1884)


    developed porcelain bacterial filters, viruses can pass through
    Dimitri Ivanowski (1892)
    demonstrated that causative agent of tobacco mosaic disease
    passed through bacterial filters
    thought agent was a toxin
    Martinus Beijerinck (1898-1900)
    showed that causative agent of tobacco mosaic disease was
    still infectious after filtration
    referred to as filterable agent
    Loeffler and Frosch (1898-1900)
    showed that foot-and-mouth disease in cattle was caused by
    filterable virus
    Discovery of Viruses
    Walter Reed (1900)
    yellow fever caused by filterable virus transmitted by
    mosquitoes
    Ellerman and Bang (1908)
    leukemia in chickens was caused by a virus
    Peyton Rous (1911)
    muscle tumors in chickens were caused by a virus
    Frederick Twort (1915)
    first to isolate viruses that infect bacteria (bacteriophages or
    phages)
    Felix dHerelle (1917)
    firmly established the existence of bacteriophages
    devised plaque assay
    bacteriophages only reproduce in live bacteria
    What is a Virus?
    Not living
    Are intracellular parasites
    Depends on host metabolism
    Energy, materials, enzymes
    Virion: a complete virus particle
    has a genome
    DNA or RNA, single- or double-stranded
    has a protein coat
    Capsid
    Protects genome
    Mediates host attachment
    General features of Viruses
    Viruses are infectious agents with both
    living and nonliving characteristics.

    1. Living characteristics of viruses


    a. They reproduce only in living host cells.
    b. They can mutate.
    2. Nonliving characteristics of viruses
    Acellular; no cytoplasm or cellular organelles.
    no metabolism and must replicate using the host
    cell's metabolic machinery.
    contains either DNA or RNA (not both)
    Nucleic Acid is surrounded or coated by a protein
    shell (capsid)
    Some viruses possess a membrane-like envelope
    surrounding the particle
    The Structure of Viruses
    ~10-400 nm in diameter ; too small to be seen
    with the light microscope
    Contain a nucleocapsid which is composed of
    nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat
    (capsid)
    some viruses consist only of a nucleocapsid, others
    have additional components
    Enveloped vs naked viruses
    enveloped viruses: surrounded by membrane
    naked viruses: do not have envelope
    Morphology of an Enveloped Virus

    Figure 13.3
    Viral Envelopes and Enzymes
    Envelope: outer, flexible, membranous layer
    Spikes or peplomers virally encoded proteins, may
    project from the envelope
    Neuraminidase : releases mature virions from cells
    Hemagglutinin : binds cellular receptor
    RNA dependent RNA polimerase
    Replicates sense genome
    Generalized Structure of Viruses

    Viral components
    Nucleic acids

    Capsid

    Envelope

    9
    Capsids
    large macromolecular structures which serve as
    protein coat of virus
    protect viral genetic material and aids in its transfer
    between host cells
    made of protein subunits called protomers
    Protomers form capsomers that arrange
    symmetrically to form the coat
    Symmetry in capsid
    Helical
    Icosahedral
    complex
    Helical Capsids
    Filamentous capsids
    Long tube of protein, with genome inside
    Tube made up of hundreds of identical protein
    subunits
    Tube length reflects size of viral genome
    Ex : Tobacco mozaic virus

    DNA or RNA coiled


    inside tube

    Capsid proteins
    Influenza Virus Enveloped Virus with
    a Helical Nucleocapsid

    Helical symmetry
    Segmented
    genome
    8 RNA genome
    segments
    Ex : Influenza virus
    Icosahedral Capsids
    Icosahedral capsids
    20 triangular sides
    Each triangle made up of at least 3 identical capsid
    proteins
    Arranged in 2,3 and 5 fold symmetry
    Many animal viruses
    Viruses with Complex Symmetry
    some viruses do not fit into helical or
    icosahedral capsids symmetry groups
    examples are the poxviruses and large
    bacteriophages

    Phage T4

    Vaccinia virus
    200x400x250 nm, enveloped virus DNA
    With double membrane envelope.

    Binal symetry: head icosahedron, tail helical


    Tail fibers and sheath used for binding and
    pins for injecting genome
    Figure 13.5
    Virus Life Cycle

    Remember that viruses are not able to


    reproduce on their own. They rely on a host
    cell for reproduction
    In the Lytic Cycle viruses infect the host cell,
    use it to replicate and then destroy it
    In the Lysogenic Cycle the virus infects the
    host cell and inserts its DNA into the DNA of
    the host cell.
    LYTIC VERSUS LYSOGENIC CYCLE
    In a lytic cycle, the host cells fills with virions
    and bursts.
    The result is cell death.
    Lysogenic cycle are also known as latent
    infections.
    The viral genome becomes incorporated into
    the host cells DNA.
    It can remain this way for an extended
    period.
    The host cell lives.
    LYTIC VERSUS LYSOGENIC CYCLE
    LYTIC CYCLE

    For animal viruses, there are 5 steps in lytic


    infection:
    1. Attachment
    2. Penetration
    3. Biosynthesis
    4. Maturation
    5. Release
    The Lytic Cycle
    1. Proteins on the surface of the virus bind with
    proteins on the surface of the host cell this is
    specificity
    2. The Virus injects its DNA into the host cell
    3. The DNA from the virus shuts down and takes over
    the host cell
    4. The virus uses the materials of the host cell to
    make thousands of copies of its own protein coat
    and DNA
    5. The cell lyses (bursts) and the releases hundreds of
    virus particles
    LYSOGENIC CYCLE
    There are 7 steps in lysogenic cycle:
    1. Attachment
    2. Penetration
    3. Recombination
    4. Host replication
    5. Virus activation
    6. Maturation
    7. Release
    The Lysogenic Cycle
    1. Proteins on the surface of the virus bind with
    proteins on the surface of the host cell this is
    specificity
    2. The Virus injects its DNA into the host cell
    3. The viral DNA is inserted into the host cells DNA ;
    known as a provirus
    4. The prophage remain as part of the host cell DNA
    (this called recombination) and the host cell may
    reproduce for many generations. The inserted DNA
    may be useful. It can block other viruses from
    entering the cell or create useful proteins
    5. Eventually the viral DNA removes itself from
    the DNA of the host cell and start
    reproducing viruses
    6. Copies of virus were made
    7. The cell lyses (bursts) and the releases
    hundreds of virus particles
    The Lysogenic Cycle

    Figure 13.12
    RETROVIRUSES
    Retroviruses contain RNA
    They produce a DNA copy of their genes when
    they enter the cell
    This DNA is entered into the host cells DNA
    The DNA is then replicated and passed on to
    daughter cells each time the host cell divides
    Viruses and Cancer
    Activated oncogenes transform normal cells
    into cancerous cells
    Transformed cells have increased growth, loss
    of contact inhibition, tumor-specific
    transplant antigens, and T antigens
    The genetic material of oncogenic viruses
    becomes integrated into the host cell's DNA
    Oncogenic Viruses

    Oncogenic DNA Oncogenic RNA


    viruses viruses
    Adenoviridae Retroviridae
    Herpesviridae Viral RNA is
    Poxviridae transcribed to DNA,
    Papovaviridae which can integrate
    into host DNA
    Hepadnaviridae
    HTLV-1
    HTLV-2
    Cycle of Animal Viruses
    Attachment: Viruses attach to cell membrane
    Penetration by endocytosis or fusion
    Uncoating by viral or host enzymes
    Biosynthesis: Production of nucleic acid and
    proteins
    Maturation: Nucleic acid and capsid proteins
    assemble
    Release by budding (enveloped viruses) or
    rupture
    Attachment, Penetration, Uncoating
    By pinocytosis

    Figure 13.14a
    Attachment, Penetration, Uncoating
    By fusion

    Figure 13.14b
    Budding of an Enveloped Virus

    Figure 13.20
    Taxonomy of Viruses
    Family names end in -viridae.
    Genus names end in -virus.
    Viral species: A group of viruses sharing the
    same genetic information and ecological niche
    (host). Common names are used for species.
    Subspecies are designated by a number.
    Taxonomy of Viruses
    Herpesviridae Retroviridae
    Herpesvirus Lentivirus
    Human herpes virus Human
    HHV-1, HHV-2, HHV-3 immunodeficiency
    virus HIV-1, HIV-2
    Growing Viruses
    Viruses must be
    grown in living
    cells
    Bacteriophages
    form plaques on
    a lawn of bacteria
    Growing Viruses
    Animal viruses
    may be grown
    in living
    animals or in
    embryonated
    eggs
    Growing Viruses

    Animal and plant viruses may be grown in cell


    culture
    Continuous cell lines may be maintained
    indefinitely
    Prions
    Proteinaceous Infectious particle
    Inherited and transmissible by ingestion,
    transplant, and surgical instruments
    Spongiform encephalopathies: Sheep scrapie,
    Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-Strussler-
    Scheinker syndrome, fatal familial insomnia, mad
    cow disease
    Prions
    PrPC: Normal cellular prion protein, on cell
    surface
    PrPSc: Scrapie protein; accumulates in brain
    cells, forming plaques
    How a Protein Can Be Infectious

    Figure 13.22

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