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    Unit - Ii: Electrical Breakdown in Gases, Solids and Liquids

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    Samuel Pakianathan
    The document discusses various types of electrical breakdown that can occur in gases, solids, liquids, and composite dielectrics. It describes breakdown mechanisms such as Townsend's criterion for gaseous breakdown, factors that affect liquid dielectric breakdown like electrode properties and contaminants, and corona discharge occurring in non-uniform fields. Various theories of breakdown are mentioned for vacuums, liquids, solids, and composites.

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    Unit - Ii: Electrical Breakdown in Gases, Solids and Liquids

    Uploaded by

    Samuel Pakianathan
    51 views14 pages
    The document discusses various types of electrical breakdown that can occur in gases, solids, liquids, and composite dielectrics. It describes breakdown mechanisms such as Townsend's criterion for gaseous breakdown, factors that affect liquid dielectric breakdown like electrode properties and contaminants, and corona discharge occurring in non-uniform fields. Various theories of breakdown are mentioned for vacuums, liquids, solids, and composites.

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    The document discusses various types of electrical breakdown that can occur in gases, solids, liquids, and composite dielectrics. It describes breakdown mechanisms such as Townsend's criterion for gaseous breakdown, factors that affect liquid dielectric breakdown like electrode properties and contaminants, and corona discharge occurring in non-uniform fields. Various theories of breakdown are mentioned for vacuums, liquids, solids, and composites.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    51 views14 pages

    Unit - Ii: Electrical Breakdown in Gases, Solids and Liquids

    Uploaded by

    Samuel Pakianathan
    The document discusses various types of electrical breakdown that can occur in gases, solids, liquids, and composite dielectrics. It describes breakdown mechanisms such as Townsend's criterion for gaseous breakdown, factors that affect liquid dielectric breakdown like electrode properties and contaminants, and corona discharge occurring in non-uniform fields. Various theories of breakdown are mentioned for vacuums, liquids, solids, and composites.

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    UNIT - II

    ELECTRICAL BREAKDOWN IN
    GASES, SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS.
    GASEOUS BREAKDOWN IN
    UNIFORM FIELDS
    In uniform fields, the Townsend's criterion for
    breakdown in electropositive gases is given by the
    following equation,

    where the coefficients and are functions of


    E/p and are given as follows

    2
    GASEOUS BREAKDOWN IN
    UNIFORM FIELDS
    where E0 is the applied electric field, and p the gas pressure. In
    a uniform field electrode system of gap distance d,

    Ub is the breakdown voltage and Eb the corresponding field


    intensity. Eb is equal to the electric strength of the dielectric
    under given conditions. When the applied field intensity E0 = Eb

    3
    GASEOUS BREAKDOWN IN
    UNIFORM FIELDS

    4
    BREAKDOWN IN LIQUID
    DIELECTRICS

    A very large number of external factors affect the


    breakdown strength of liquid dielectrics.
    For example, electrode configuration, their
    ,

    material, size and surface finish, the type of


    voltage, its period of application and magnitude,
    the temperature, pressure, purification of the
    liquid and its ageing condition.

    5
    BREAKDOWN IN LIQUID
    DIELECTRICS

    Dissolved water, gas or the presence of any


    other form of contamination and sludge also
    affect the breakdown strength considerably.
    ,

    It is, therefore, not possible to describe the


    breakdown mechanism by a single theoretical
    analysis which may take into account all known
    observed factors affecting the breakdown.

    6
    CORONA DISCHARGE
    The field is non-uniform, an increase in
    voltage will first cause a discharge in the gas
    to appear at points with highest electric field
    intensity, namely at sharp points or where the
    electrodes are curved or on transmission lines.
    This form of discharge is called a corona
    discharge and can be observed as a bluish
    luminescence.

    7
    CORONA DISCHARGE
    This is accompanied by a hissing noise.
    The air surrounding the corona region becomes
    converted into ozone.
    It is responsible for considerable loss of power
    from high voltage transmission lines,
    It leads to the deterioration of insulation due to
    the combined action of the bombardment of
    ions and of the chemical compounds formed
    during discharges.
    It also gives rise to radio interference.
    8
    BREAKDOWN IN NON-
    UNIFORM FIELDS
    The breakdown voltages were also observed to
    depend on humidity in air.
    In rod gaps the fields are non-uniform.
    In the case of sphere gaps the field is uniform
    In sphere gaps, the breakdo0wn voltage do not
    depend on humidity and are also independent of
    the voltage waveform
    The formative time lag is quite small (~0.5s)
    even with 5% over-voltage.

    9
    VACUUM BREAKDOWN
    It can be broadly divided into following
    categories
    Particle exchange mechanism.

    Field emission mechanism.

    Clump theory

    10
    CONDUCTION & BREAKDOWN IN
    COMMERCIAL LIQUIDS
    Suspended particle mechanism
    Cavitation and bubble mechanism
    Stressed oil volume mechanism
    Thermal mechanism of breakdown

    11
    BREAKDOWN IN SOLID
    DIELECTRICS
    Chemical & electrochemical
    deterioration & breakdown
    Breakdown due to treeing and tracking
    Breakdown due to internal discharges

    12
    BREAKDOWN IN COMPOSITE
    DIELECTRICS
    Mechanism of breakdown in
    composite dielectric
    1. Short-term breakdown
    2. Long-term breakdown

    13
    CONDUCTION & BREAKDOWN IN
    PURE LIQUIDS
    Low electric fields less than 1 kV/cm are
    applied, conductivities of 10-1810-20
    mho/cm are obtained.
    These are due to impurities remaining
    after purification
    When the fields are high the currents
    not only increase rapidly.

    14

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