Traffic Studies Requirement For Intersection Design 2

Traffic Studies requirement for
intersection design
Sahil Bhardwaj
14001009048
CIVIL
FINAL YEAR
Contents
Traffic volume studies
Approach Speed
Sight distance
Accident studies
Pedestrian count
Traffic Volume Studies
Design hourly volume
Turning Moment
Design hourly volume
Design hourly volume is determined from the plot between
hourly volume and no. of hours in a year the traffic volume
has exceeded.
Due to economical reasons it is not possible to design the
facilities according to peak hourly volume of the year
The annual avg. hourly volume(AAHV) found from AADT will
not be sufficient due to severe congestion
In India design is based on Thirtieth highest hourly volume
that will be reached on thirty times or exceeded only 29 times
in a year.
Cost compared from peak hourly volume will be much lesser
and there will be congestion only during 29 hours in a year
Hourly Traffic Volume
Approach Speed
Frequency distribution diagram of spot speeds
Stopping Sight distance
The minimum distance visible to a driver to safely stop a vehicle travelling at a

design speed without collision is called stopping sight distance.
This is absolute minimum sight distance.
Sight distance available on a road at any instance depends on following

factors-
Features of the road ahead.
Height of driver eye above the road surface.(1.2m) IRC
Height of object above the road surface. (0.15m) IRC
Factors on which stopping sight distance depends
1 - Total reaction time of the driver

2 - Speed of the vehicle
3 - Efficiency of brakes
4 - Frictional resistance between road and tyres
5 - Gradient of road
IRC guidelines for SSD
Design 0 30 40 50 60 65 80 100
speed
SSD(m) 20 25 30 45 60 80 90 120 180
Sight distances at uncontrolled intersections
The design speed on intersections is based on three conditions-
Enabling the approach vehicle to change speed

Enabling the approach vehicles to stop
Enabling stopped vehicle to cross main road
Sight distances at controlled intersections
At rotary intersection the sight distance should be at least equal to safe

stopping distance for design speed of rotary.
At priority intersections where minor road crosses a major road the
traffic on minor road may be controlled by stop or give way sign to give
priority for the traffic of major road.
The visibility distance distance along major road depends on the time
required for the stopped vehicle on the minor road to evaluate the gap
between vehicles on major road.
IRC recommends that a minimum visibility distance of 15 m along the
minor road and a distance of 220,180,145 and 110 m along the major road
corresponding to design speed of 100,80,65,50 kmph.
Accident Studies
Objectives
To study causes of accidents and to suggest corrective

treatment at potential locations
To evaluate existing design , regulation and control measures
To carry out before and after studies after implementing
changes
To make computations of financial loss due to accidents
To provide economic justification for the improvement
measures suggested by traffic engineer.
Cause of Accidents
Drivers- Excessive speed, rash driving , sleep or effect of consuming
alcohol.
Pedestrians- Violating regulations, carelessness while using carriageway
meant for vechicular traffic.
Vehicle Defects- Failure of brakes, steering system , tyre burst.
Road condition- Pot holes, ruts, slippery road, temporary obstruction to
line of sight.
Road Design- Improper sight distance, improper curve design, inadequate
width of shoulders.
Traffic condtion- Presenc of disabled vechicle on the roadway.
Weather- Unfavourable weather condition like mist, fog, snow.
Accidents studies and records
Collection of accident data
General data
Locations
Details of vehicle involved
Nature of accident
Road condition
Traffic condition
Primary cost of accident
Accident cost
Preparation of accident report

Accident should be reported to police authorities
It involves injuries,casualities and severe damage to property.
These facts might be useful in compensation claims and evaluation of accident cost.
Preparation of location files
Useful to keep the record of location where accident have taken place within the
concerned zone and to identify the location of high accident rate
Preparation of diagrams showing type of collision

Collison diagram
These diagrams depict the details of accident locations(not drawn to scale) and
show the approximate path of vehicle and pedestrians involved in the accident
These diagrams are most useful to compare the accident pattern before and after
remedial measures have taken.
Condition diagrams
A condition diagram is a drawing of accident location drawn to scale showing all
the important features of road and adjoining area.
For ex width of roadway, shoulders, medians, kerb lines etc.
Measures for reduction in accident rate
Engineering Measures
Road Design
Preventive maintenance of vehicles
Before and after studies
Road lighting
Enforcement measures
Speed Control
Traffic control devices
Training and supervision
Medical check
Special precautions for commercial vehicles
Observance of law and regulations
Education measures
Education of road users
Safety drive
Pedestrian Count
Minimum pedestrian volume warrant for traffic signal
When 150 or more pedestrian per hour cross a major street with over 600 vehicles
per hour on both approaches.
1000 vehicles per hour in case of main street with raised median.
However when the average approach speed or 85th percentile speed exceed 60
kmph , 70 percent of above requirements may be adopted.

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Traffic Studies requirement for

The minimum distance visible to a driver to safely stop a vehicle travelling at a

Sight distance available on a road at any instance depends on following

1 - Total reaction time of the driver

IRC guidelines for SSD

The design speed on intersections is based on three conditions-

Enabling the approach vehicle to change speed

At rotary intersection the sight distance should be at least equal to safe

To study causes of accidents and to suggest corrective

Preparation of accident report

Preparation of diagrams showing type of collision

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