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    Algebra Theorem

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    K Vinoth Shivan
    The document discusses Rolle's theorem from calculus and provides its statement, proof, and examples. Specifically: - Rolle's theorem states that between two consecutive real roots of a polynomial equation f(x)=0, there exists at least one real root of the derivative equation f'(x)=0. - The proof uses properties of polynomials and signs to show that the derivative equation f'(x) must have a root between the consecutive roots of the original equation. - Several examples are provided to demonstrate finding real roots of derivative equations and classifying roots as real or imaginary based on Rolle's theorem and changes in sign of the original polynomial. - Corollaries extend the results to higher

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Algebra Theorem

    Uploaded by

    K Vinoth Shivan
    347 views23 pages
    The document discusses Rolle's theorem from calculus and provides its statement, proof, and examples. Specifically: - Rolle's theorem states that between two consecutive real roots of a polynomial equation f(x)=0, there exists at least one real root of the derivative equation f'(x)=0. - The proof uses properties of polynomials and signs to show that the derivative equation f'(x) must have a root between the consecutive roots of the original equation. - Several examples are provided to demonstrate finding real roots of derivative equations and classifying roots as real or imaginary based on Rolle's theorem and changes in sign of the original polynomial. - Corollaries extend the results to higher

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    Algebra Theorem

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    The document discusses Rolle's theorem from calculus and provides its statement, proof, and examples. Specifically: - Rolle's theorem states that between two consecutive real roots of a polynomial equation f(x)=0, there exists at least one real root of the derivative equation f'(x)=0. - The proof uses properties of polynomials and signs to show that the derivative equation f'(x) must have a root between the consecutive roots of the original equation. - Several examples are provided to demonstrate finding real roots of derivative equations and classifying roots as real or imaginary based on Rolle's theorem and changes in sign of the original polynomial. - Corollaries extend the results to higher

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    347 views23 pages

    Algebra Theorem

    Uploaded by

    K Vinoth Shivan
    The document discusses Rolle's theorem from calculus and provides its statement, proof, and examples. Specifically: - Rolle's theorem states that between two consecutive real roots of a polynomial equation f(x)=0, there exists at least one real root of the derivative equation f'(x)=0. - The proof uses properties of polynomials and signs to show that the derivative equation f'(x) must have a root between the consecutive roots of the original equation. - Several examples are provided to demonstrate finding real roots of derivative equations and classifying roots as real or imaginary based on Rolle's theorem and changes in sign of the original polynomial. - Corollaries extend the results to higher

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 23

    ALGEBRA

    T.Brindha
    Assistant Professor
    Department of Mathematics(PG&UG-SF)
    PSGR Krishnammal College for Women
    Coimbatore.
    Rolle’s Theorem
    Statement:
    Between two consecutive real roots a and b of the equation
    f(x)=0 where f(x) is a polynomial, there lies at least one real root of
    the equation f ’(x)=0.
    Proof:
    Let f(x) be (x-a)m (x-b)n (x) ,where m and n are positive
    integers and (x) is not divisible by (x-a) or (x-b).
    Since a and b are consecutive real roots of f(x), the sign of (x) in the
    interval a≤x≤b is either positive throughout or negative throughout, for
    if it changes its sign between a and b, then there is a root of (x)=0 that
    is f(x)=0 lying between a and b, which is contrary to the hypothesis that
    a and b are consecutive roots.
    Therefore
    f ’(x)=(x-a)m n (x-b)n-1 (x)+ m(x-a)m-1 (x-b)n (x)+ (x-a)m(x-b)n ’(x)
    =(x-a)m-1 (x-b)n-1 (x).
    where (x)={m(x-b)+n(x-a)} (x)+(x-a)(x-b) ’(x)
    Therefore (a)=m (a-b) (a) and (b)=n (b-a) (b)
    where (a) and (b) have different signs since (a) and (b) have the
    same sign.
    Therefore (x)=0 has at least one root between a and b.
    Hence f’(x)=0 has at least one root between a and b.
    Corollary:1
    If all the roots of f(x)=0 are eral, then all the roots of f’(x)=0
    are also real.
    Corollary:2
    If all the roots of f(x)=0 are real, then the roots of f’(x)=0,
    f’’(x)=0, f’’’(x)=0 are real.
    Corollary: 3
    At the most only one real root of f(x)=0 can lie between two
    consecutive roots of f’(x)=0, that is the real roots of f’(x)=0 separate
    those of f(x)=0
    Corollary:4
    If f’(x)=0 has r real roots, then f(x)=0 cannot have more than
    (r+1) real roots.
    Corollary:5
    f(x)=0 has at least as many real roots as f’(x)=0.
    Example:1
    Find the nature of the roots of the equation 4x3-21x2+18x+20=0.
    Solution:
    Let f(x)= 4x3-21 x2+18x+20
    Therefore, f ’(x)=12 x 2-42x+18
    =6(2x 2-7x+3)
    =6(2x 2-6x-x+3)
    =6(2x(x-3)-1(x-3))
    =6(2x-1) (x-3)
    To find the roots of f’(x)=0.
    2x-1=0 and x-3=0
    x=1/2 and x=3
    Therefore the real roots of f’(x)=0 are ½ and 3.
    x : - ½ 3 
    f(x): - + - +
    Here, the number of changes of sign is 3. Hence f(x)=0 has three
    real roots.
    Example:2
    Show that the equation 3x4-8x3-6x2+24x-7=0 has one positive, one
    negative and two imaginary roots.
    Solution:
    Let f(x)= 3x4-8x3-6x2+24x-7
    Therefore f’(x)=12x3-24x2-12x+24
    =12(x3-2x2-x+2)
    =12(x2(x-2)-1(x-2))
    =12(x2-1) (x-2)
    Therefore the roots of the equation f ’(x)=0 are 1,1,2.
    x : - -1 1 2 
    f(x): + - + + +
    Therefore f(x)=0 has a real root lying between -1 and -, one between
    -1 and +1 and it has two imaginary roots.
    Also, f(1)=6= + and f(0)=-7= -
    Therefore the real root lying between -1 and +1 lies between 0 and +1.
    Hence it is a positive root. The other root lies between -1 and - and it
    is a negative root.
    Example:3
    Discuss the reality of the roots, x 4+4x3-2x2-12x+a=0 for all real values of
    a.
    Solution:
    Let f(x)= x4+4x3-2x2-12x+a
    Therefore f ’(x)=4x3+12x2-4x-12
    =4(x3+3x2-x-3)
    =4(x2(x+3)-1(x+3))
    =4(x2-1) (x+3)
    Therefore the roots of f’(x)=0 are 1,1,-3.
    x : - -3 -1 1 
    f(x): + a-9 7+a a-9 +
    If a-9 is negative and 7+a is positive, the number of changes of sign in
    f(x) is four. Clearly, all the four roots of f(x) are real.
    If -7<a<9, f(x)=0 has four real roots. For, if we take a=8 then the
    number of changes of sign in f(x) is 4.
    If a>9 then f(x) is positive throughout and hence all the roots
    f(x)=0 are imaginary. For, if we take a=10 then there is no change
    of sign in f(x).
    If a< -7, the signs of f(x) at -,-3,-1,1, are respectively
    +,-,-,-,+. For, if we take a=-8 then the number of changes of sign
    is 2.
    Hence f(x)=0 has two real roots and two imaginary roots.
    Removal of terms

    One of the chief uses of this transformation is to remove a certain


    specified term from an equation. Such a step always helps to find
    the solutions of an equation.
    Let the given equation be a0xn+a1xn-1+a2 x n-2+…+an-1 x +an=0
    Then if y=x-h, we obtain the new equation
    a0(y+h)n+a1(y+h)n-1+a2 (y+h) n-2+…+an-1 (y+h) +an=0
    Which, when arranged in descending powers of y, becomes
    a0yn+(na0h+a1 ) y n-1+{[n(n-1)/2!] a0h2+(n-1)a1h+a2} y n-2+………..=0
    Example:1
    Find the relation between the coefficients in the equation
    x4+px3+qx2+rx+s=0 in order that the coefficients of x3 and x may be
    removable by the same transformation.
    Solution:
    Let us reduce the roots of the equation by h. Instead of x substitute x+h, the
    transformed equation is
    (x+h)4+p(x+h)3+q(x+h)2+r(x+h)+s=0
    i.e., x4+(4h+p)x3+(6h2+3ph+q)x2+(4h3+3ph2+2qh+r)x+h4+ph3+qh2+rh+s=0
    Example:2
    Solve the equation x4+20x3+143x2+143x2+430x+462=0 by removing its
    second term.
    Solution:
    Substitute x=x+h in the given equation
    (x+h)4+20(x+h)3+143(x+h)2+143(x+h)2+430(x+h)+462=0
    i.e., x4+(4h+20)x3+……….=0
    Therefore 4h+20=0, h=-5
    Hence to remove the second term, increase the roots of the equation by 5.
    1 20 143 430 462
    5- 0 - 5 - 75 - 340 - 450

    1 15 68 90 12
    0 - 5 - 50 - 90
    1 10 18 0
    0 - 5 - 25
    1 5 - 7
    0 - 5
    1 0
    Therefore the transformed equation is y4-7y2+12=0
    y4-4y2-3y2+12=0
    y2(y2-4)-3(y2-4)=0
    (y2-4) (y2-3)=0
    Therefore y= ±3 and y=±2.
    Therefore the roots of the transformed equation are ±3 and ±2.
    And the roots of the original equation are 3-5, 3+5,2-5,-2-5
    i.e., 3-5, 3+5,-3,-7
    Text Book:
    Algebra, Volume I by T.K.Manicavachagom pillay,
    T.Natarajan , K.S. Ganapathy, S.Viswanathan (Printers & Publishers)
    PVT.,LTD.2010
    Thank you

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