Materiales Avanzados para Celdas Sólidas en Conversión de Energía

MATERIALES AVANZADOS PARA
CELDAS SÓLIDAS EN CONVERSIÓN

DE ENERGÍA
INTRODUCCIÓN
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER
OUR FUTURE ENERGY OPTIONS?
Society’s Needs Population of the world
10
Billions
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1960 2000 2010 2050
Year
The expected growth rate in energy demand over the next 20 years is
much greater than the growth rate of the population
The electricity generation is expected to increase from 20x1015W.h in 2010

to 31.2x1015W.h in 2030 (5%./annum).
THE NEED FOR A SUSTAINABLE,
SAFE AND NON-POLLUTING ENERGY
SOURCE
Not sustainable!
Not safe (air pollution)!
CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change and global warming are considered to be a result of
anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) with CO2 being the most important.
Global temperatures have increased The level of atmospheric CO2

by 0.2ºC per decade since the 4.5E-10
1970s. 4E-10
3.5E-10
3E-10
World leaders and environmentalists
2.5E-10
ppm
have been talking about limiting the
average global temperature rise to 2E-10
no more than 2ºC higher than pre- 1.5E-10
industrial temperatures 1E-10

5E-11
0
pre-industrial 1957 2013
times
Year
The problem with CO2 is that it is not easily transformed into other chemicals. It is
the most oxidised form of carbon and as a result is thermodynamically very stable.
CLIMATE CHANGE
Cement manufacture is responsible for 5% of all anthropogenic CO2. It is the heating

process (usually coal or gas) together with the breakdown of CaCO3 that is
responsible for those emissions during cement manufacturing:
WHAT ARE OUR OPTIONS
FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION?
we must have well-designed short-, medium- and long-term plans.
In the short term:

• natural gas to replace coal in power stations
• develop renewable sources
• Build new nuclear power stations
• begin carbon capture and storage schemes
WHAT ARE OUR OPTIONS FOR

TRANSPORT FUEL?
We must again look at short-, medium- and long-term options.
• Liquefied natural gas (LNG)
• Biofuels
• Hydrogen
• Fuel cells
THE SITUATION IN THE WORLD
TODAY
The percentage of renewable energy in the world is still relatively small.
Renewable energy sources:

hydropower, biofuels, wind, geothermal and solar
In world marketed energy consumption:
about 10% with a projection of 14% by 2035.

in electricity generation:
about 19% with a projection of 23% by 2035.

Why is it so difficult to change the balance between renewable sources and
fossil fuels?
HYDROGEN: AN ENERGY CARRIER
• The hydrogen atom is the simplest and lightest of all the elements.
• As the molecule, H2, hydrogen is an odourless, colourless gas with a density
one-fourteenth that of air.
• Hydrogen has the highest combustion energy per unit mass
The Problems
• Hydrogen is flammable
• Hydrogen can embrittle steel, thus causing potential design problems for
pipelines, storage vessels, delivery containers, compressors, etc.
• It is a secondary energy source (other energy sources must be used for its
production).
In 2010, the US Department of Energy (USDOE) estimated that the costs of

producing hydrogen from wind farms and electrolysis had become
competitive with gasoline.
BASIC ELEMENTS NEEDED FOR
HYDROGEN UTILISATION
• Hydrogen has to be separated from other
elements before it can be used.
The sources of hydrogen:

water, natural gas, coal or biomass.
Hydrogen production methods:

• Electrolysis
• High-Temperature thermochemical
Water-Splitting
• Photoelectrochemical process
• Biological techniques
• Gasification
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)

RESIDENTIAL HEAT AND POWER
Fuel cells are well suited to micro-CHP, because the technology inherently
produces both electricity and heat from a single fuel source.
UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY
• Operation is continuous as long as fuel is available.
• Unlike batteries, temperature does not directly affect fuel cell performance.
• Fuel cells can be combined with onsite renewable electricity generation to

provide near-autonomous power systems without emissions
ENERGY STORAGE
• Electricity must be consumed as it is generated.
The applications for long-term energy storage:

• Counterbalancing the intermittency of renewable energy sources
• Leveling the loads
• Time-shifting periods of peak demand on the grid.
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
• Electrochemical energy (batteries, …),
• Electrostatic energy (capacitors),
• Electromagnetic energy (superconducting magnets),
• Chemical energy (hydrogen, methane, gasoline, coal, oil),
• Kinetic energy (mechanical flywheels),
• Potential energy (pumped-storage hydropower, compressed air, springs)
• Thermal energy (molten salts, steam).
Criteria for evaluating storage technologies

• Energy capture rate and efficiency,
• Discharge rate and efficiency,
• Dispatchability and load following characteristics,
• Scale flexibility,
• Durability-cycle lifetime,
• Mass and volume requirements - footprint of both weight and volume,
• Safety - risks of fire, explosion, toxicity,
• Ease of materials recycling and recovery.
SMART GRIDS AND NETWORKED
ENERGY STORAGE
FUEL CELLS: ENERGY CONVERSION
TECHNOLOGY
Fuel cells are electrochemical devices to convert chemical energy into
electrical energy.
FUEL CELLS: ENERGY CONVERSION
TECHNOLOGY
Fuel cells are electrochemical devices to convert chemical energy into
electrical energy.
Other advantages:
Electrical efficiency: ≥40%
• Fuel flexibility
Reciprocating engine (≈ 35 %),
• Noise-free operation
Photovoltaics (6-20) %
• Generating excessive heat
Wind turbines (≈25 %).
• Less pollution
• Effective reduction of greenhouse gas

TYPES OF FUEL CELLS
The electrolyte substance usually defines the type of fuel cell.
TYPES OF FUEL CELLS
TYPES OF FUEL CELLS
A COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT
TYPES OF FUEL CELLS
A COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT
TYPES OF FUEL CELLS
Materiales avanzados para celdas sólidas en conversión de energía
Control 1 (30%): 25 de abril 2018
Control 2 (30%): 20 de Junio 2018
Tareas (30%)
Seminario (10%)
COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE SOLID OXIDE
FUEL CELLS CURRENT TECHNOLOGY
STATUS
The following is a list of some of the key SOFC developers active at the
time:
• Protonex (United States)
• Ceres Power (United Kingdom)
• Bloom Energy (United States)
• FuelCell Energy (United States)
• LG Fuel Cell Systems (United States)
• Hexis (Switzerland)
• Kyocera (Japan)
• SolidPower (Italy)
• FCO Power (Japan)

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MATERIALES AVANZADOS PARA

CELDAS SÓLIDAS EN CONVERSIÓN

The electricity generation is expected to increase from 20x1015W.h in 2010

Global temperatures have increased The level of atmospheric CO2

no more than 2ºC higher than pre- 1.5E-10

industrial temperatures 1E-10

Cement manufacture is responsible for 5% of all anthropogenic CO2. It is the heating

In the short term:

WHAT ARE OUR OPTIONS FOR

Renewable energy sources:

In world marketed energy consumption:

about 10% with a projection of 14% by 2035.

about 19% with a projection of 23% by 2035.

In 2010, the US Department of Energy (USDOE) estimated that the costs of

The sources of hydrogen:

Hydrogen production methods:

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)

• Fuel cells can be combined with onsite renewable electricity generation to

The applications for long-term energy storage:

Criteria for evaluating storage technologies

• Effective reduction of greenhouse gas

Control 1 (30%): 25 de abril 2018

Control 2 (30%): 20 de Junio 2018

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