Wind Tunnels: - Objective

AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics
Wind Tunnels
• Objective
– Accurately simulate the fluid flow about atmospheric
vehicles
– Measure -Forces, moments, pressure, shear stress,
heat transfer, flowfield (velocity, pressure, vorticity,
temperature)
Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Low Speed Vehicles - M<.3

U
Gallilean Transformation
Flight in atmosphere
Scale =L
Wind Tunnel - Model Scale = 
Stationary Walls Issues
Flow Quality - Uniformity and
U Turbulence Level
Wind Tunnel Wall Interference
Reynolds Number Simulation
U  L U  
Re  
 
Reynolds Number Scaling
• Most important on vehicles with partial

laminar flow. The transition is very
sensitive to Reynolds Number
• Use “trip strips”or roughness to cause
boundary layer transition on the model at
the same location as on the full scale
vehicle

Transonic Regime .7<M<1.2
• Must Match Reynolds Number and Mach Number
U  L
Re 

U
M
c
Must change fluid density and viscosity to match Re and M

Cryogenic Wind Tunnels are designed for this reason

History
Whirling Arm

Eiffel Tunnel

Wright Brothers


Wind Tunnel Layout

• Closed Return
• Open Return
• Double Return
• Annular Return

Closed Return
(open test section)

Open Return
Closed Test Section
Louvers
Exhaust for Speed
Adjustment
15 Hp. Dual
Centrifugal Blower
Exhaust
Test Section
18 inch Diameter Diffuser
25 to 1 Contraction
Screens High Contraction Wind Tunnel
Top View

Double Return
U N I V E R S I T Y OF W A S H I N G T O N
AE R O NAU T I CAL LAB O RAT O R Y
Kirsten Wind Tunnel
Annular Wind
Tunnel

Types of Wind Tunnels

• Subsonic
• Transonic
• Supersonic
• Hypersonic
• Cryogenic
• Specialty
– Automobiles
– Environmental- Icing, Buildings, etc.
Subsonic
Wind Tunnels

40’ x 80’ and 80’ x 120’

NASA Ames

40- by 80- Foot Wind Tunnel: Specifications
Primary Use:
The facility is used primarily for large-scale or full-scale testing of aircraft and rotorcraft, including high-
lift and noise suppression development for subsonic and high speed transports, powered lift, high angle-of-
attack for fighter aircraft and propulsion systems
Capability:
Mach Number: 0-0.45
Reynolds Number per foot: 3 X 106
Stagnation Pressure: Atmospheric
Temperature Range: 485 ° - 580 ° R
Closed circuit, single return, continuous flow, closed throat wind tunnel with low turbulence
Model-support systems available include a 3 strut arrangement with a nose or tail variable height strut, a
semi-span mount and a sting
The entire model support can be yawed a total of 290 °
Six components of force and moment are measured by the mechanical, external balance under the test
section, or by internal strain-gage balances in the sting or rotor testbeds
Test section walls are lined with a 10" acoustic lining, and the floor and ceiling have a 6" acoustic lining
80- by 120- Foot Wind Tunnel: Specifications
Primary Use:
The facility is used primarily for large-scale or full-scale testing of aircraft and rotorcraft, including high-
lift development for subsonic transports, V/STOL powered lift, high angle-of-attack for fighter aircraft and
propulsion systems
Capability:
Mach Number: 0-0.15
Reynolds Number per foot: 1.2 X 106
Stagnation Pressure: Atmospheric
Indraft, continuous flow, closed throat wind tunnel
Fans for 40x80 and 80x120

40’x80’ 80’x120;

12 foot Pressure Tunnel


12-Foot Pressure Wind Tunnel: Specifications

Primary Use:
The facility is used primarily for high Reynolds number testing, including the development of high-lift
systems for commercial transports and military aircraft, high angle-of-attack testing of maneuvering aircraft,
and high Reynolds number research.
Capability:
Mach Number: 0-0.52
Reynolds Number per foot: 0.1 - 12X106
Stagnation Pressure, PSIA: 2.0 - 90
Closed circuit, single return, variable density, closed throat, wind tunnel with exceptionally low turbulence
Model-support systems available:
Strut with variable pitch and roll capability
High angle-of-attack turntable system
Dual-strut turntable mechanism for high-lift testing
Semispan mounting system
Internal strain-gage balances used for force and moment testing
Capability for measuring multiple fluctuating pressures
Temperature-controlled auxiliary high-pressure (3000 psi)



Transonic
Wind Tunnels

Transonic Wind Tunnels
Wall interference is a
severe problem for transonic
wind tunnels.
Flow can “choke”
Shock wave across the
tunnel test section
Two Solutions
Porous Walls
Movable Adaptive Walls


The 8x6/9x15 Complex at the NASA Lewis Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio is,
is unique in its dual capacity role as both a high-speed and low speed test facility.
8x6 Functions & Capabilities
The 8x6 Foot Supersonic Wind Tunnel provides customers with a Facility capable of testing large
scale aeropropulsion hardware:
In a continuous Mach 0-2.0 airstream

At varying Reynolds Numbers (3.6 - 4.8 x 106/ft) and altitude conditions (ambient to 38,000ft)
In either aerodynamic (closed) or Propulsion (open) cycle without exhaust scoops
Employing high data systems to support steady and transient data acquisition
Supported by a variety of systems including: Schlieren, infrared imaging, sheet lasers, LDV,
GH2 fuel, high pressure air, and hydraulics.
8x6 Characteristics & Performance

Test section size 8ft H, 6ft W, 23.5ft L
Mach number range 0 - 2.0
Relative altitude 1000 - 35000 ft
Dynamic Pressure 3.6 - 4.8 x 106/ft
Stagnation Pressure 15.3 - 25 psia
Temperature 60 - 250oF

8x6 at
NASA Lewis

9x15 at NASA Lewis

Back Leg of the 8x6

Modane-Avrieux
S1MA Wind Tunnel Atmospheric, closed-circuit, continuous
flow wind tunnel, from Mach 0.05 to Mach 1
S1MA wind tunnel is equipped with two counterrotating fans, driven by Pelton
turbines, the power of which is 88 MW;
Mach number is continuously adjustable from 0.05 to 1 by varying the fan speed
from 25 to 212 rpm.

16T at AEDC

S2Ma Wind Tunnel

Supersonic
Wind Tunnels




Hypersonic
Wind Tunnels


Principle Operation Detonation Driven Shock Tunnel

Set- up and wave plan:
Initial conditions:
• low pressure section: test gas air, about 25 kPa for tailored cond.
• deton. section: oxyhydrogen- helium/ argon mixtures, max. 7 MPa
• damping section: expansion volume; low initial pressures


The NASA Langley 8-

Foot High Temperature
Tunnel (8’ HTT)
enables the testing of large hypersonic

airbreathing propulsion systems at flight
enthalpies from
Mach 4 to Mach 7.

Hypersonic Shock Tunnels

at Calspan
The performance chart shows that the high

enthalpy 96-inch tunnel is capable of
simultaneously duplicating velocity (total
enthalpy) and density altitude over a wide range of
hypersonic flight conditions. These test conditions
cover the widest range of any in the country.




Cryogenic
Wind Tunnels


NATIONAL TRANSONIC
FACILITY



The Cryogenic Ludwieg-Tube at Göttingen (KRG)
Adaptive wall test section

Automobile
Wind Tunnels



Icing
Wind Tunnels

Icing Tunnel
NASA Lewis Research Center


Automobile
Wind Tunnels



Wind Tunnel Power

Requirements

Energy Ratio
Jet Energy 1 / 2  0U 03 A0 q0U 0 A0
( E.R.)t   
 Circuit Losses  Losses  P
Subscript 0 refers to the test section
P is the motor power
 is the fan efficiency

Wind Tunnel Circuit Elements

Losses
pt1  pt 2
K Local Pressure Loss Coefficient
q
pt1  pt 2 q
K0  K Pressure Loss Referred to Test Section
q0 q0
E  K 01 / 2  0U 03 A0 Section Energy Loss
Jet Energy 1 / 2  0U 03 A0 1
( E.R.)t   
 Circuit Losses  K 01 / 2  0U 0 A0
3
 K0
Closed Return Tunnel

Example - Closed Return Tunnel

Section Ko % Total Loss
1 Test Section .0093 5.1
2 Diffuser .0391 21.3
3 Corner #1 .0460 25.0
4 Straight Section .0026 1.4
5 Corner #2 .0460 25.0
6 Straight Section .0020 1.1
7 Diffuser .0160 8.9
8 Corner #3 .0087 4.7
9 Corner #4 .0087 4.7
10 Straight Section .0002 .1
11 Contraction .0048 2.7
Total .1834 100.0
1 1
( E.R.)t    5.45
 K0 .1834
Example - Open Return Tunnel

Section Ko % Total Loss
1 Inlet Including Screens .021 14.0
2 Contraction and Test Section .013 8.6
3 Diffuser .080 53.4
4 Discharge at Outlet .036 24.0
Total .150 100.0
1 1
( E.R.)t    6.67
 K0 .150

Turbulence Management System

Stilling Section - Low speed and uniform flow
Honeycomb - Reduces Large Swirl Component of Incoming Flow
Screens - Reduce Turbulence [Reduces Eddy size for Faster Decay]

- Used to obtain a uniform test section profile
- Provide a flow resistance for more stable fan operation


Contraction
Establish Uniform Profile at Test Section
Reduce Turbulence

Test Section
Test Section - Design criteria of Test Section Size and Speed Determine Rest of Tunnel
Design
Test Section Reynolds Number

Larger JET - Lower Speed - Less Power - More Expensive
Section Shape - Round-Elliptical, Square, Rectangular-Octagonal with flats for

windows-mounting platforms
Rectangular with filled corners
Not usable but requies power
For Aerodynamics Testing 7x10 Height/Width Ratio
Test Section Length - L = (1 to 2)w

Diffuser

Corners
Abrupt Corner without Vanes   1.0

Speed Control

Fan

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AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Low Speed Vehicles - M<.3

Reynolds Number Scaling

• Most important on vehicles with partial

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Transonic Regime .7<M<1.2

• Must Match Reynolds Number and Mach Number

Must change fluid density and viscosity to match Re and M

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Wind Tunnel Layout

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Types of Wind Tunnels

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

40’ x 80’ and 80’ x 120’

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Fans for 40x80 and 80x120

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

12 foot Pressure Tunnel

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

12-Foot Pressure Wind Tunnel: Specifications

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Transonic Wind Tunnels

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

In a continuous Mach 0-2.0 airstream

8x6 Characteristics & Performance

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

9x15 at NASA Lewis

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

S2Ma Wind Tunnel

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Principle Operation Detonation Driven Shock Tunnel

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

The NASA Langley 8-

enables the testing of large hypersonic