outrigger system

Outrigger System
Made by :Ahmed Khalil Saif El-den
Under the Supervision of:
Prof. DR.AYMAN A. SELEEMAH
Structural Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering
Tanta University
 The worst natural disasters Earth was Exposed to .
mostly caused by Mostly hurricanes, winds and
earthquakes, that made engineering science focused on
the study and analysis of these loads caused by these
disasters to find standards and codes of construction
and design safe structures . As a result of the
development in the architecture and the lack of areas
compared to the huge increase in population, so
vertical expansion has become necessity adopted by
most countries. It has become necessary to study the
Effect of lateral loads On tall building and work to
improve their ability to resist lateral loads using
different systems, like outrigger system. when the
building increases in height, the stiffness of the
structure becomes more important. The main idea of
outrigger is to increase the effective depth of the
structure when it flexes as a vertical cantilever by
connecting the core to the outer columns
Types of outriggers
 Conventional Outrigger Structure
with Belt Girders
 Offset and Alternative Offset
Outrigger
 Virtual Outrigger
 Basement as Virtual Outrigger
System
 Damped outrigger
CONVENTIONAL OUTRIGGER Problems

 The space occupied by the outrigger trusses

(especially the diagonals) places constraints on
the use of the floors at which the outriggers are
located. Even in mechanical equipment floors, the
presence of outrigger truss members can be a
major problem.
 The connections of the outrigger trusses
to the core can be very complicated,
especially when a concrete shear wall
core is used.
 In most instances, the core and the outrigger
columns will not shorten equally under
gravity load. The outrigger trusses, which
need to be very stiff to be effective as
outriggers, can be severely stressed as they
try to restrain the differential shortening
between the core and the outrigger columns
virtual outriggers avoids many of
the problems
 1. There are no truss diagonals extending from the core to
 the exterior of the building.
 2.The need to locate outrigger columns where they can be
 3. The complicated truss-to-core connection is eliminated.
 4. Differential shortening or settlement between the core
 and the outboard columns does not affect the virtual
 outrigger system since the floor diaphragms, though stiff
 in their own plane, are very flexible in the vertical,
 out-of-plane direction.
Nair R. S. (1998)
R. Shankar Nair investigated the effectiveness of belt
trusses as virtual outriggers using a 75-story steel-
framed office tower. Design loads are in accordance with
the City of Chicago Building Code. Result obtain for
wind analysis is as follows
Z. Bayati et al.(2008)
studied A 80-story steel-framed office
tower to investigate the effectiveness
of belt trusses as virtual outriggers.
the optimum outrigger location
 Jaehong Lee, Minsik Bang, Jae-
Yeol Kim (2008)

Kiran Kamath, Avinash A. R.,

Sandesh Upadhyaya K.(2013)
Kiran Kamath, N. Divya, Asha U
Rao (2012)
S. Fawzia and T. Fatima (2010)
Po Seng Kian, Frits Torang Siahaan
(2001)
P.M.B. Raj Kiran Nanduri, B.Suresh,
MD. Ihtesham Hussain (2013)
N. Herath, N. Haritos, T. Ngo &
P. Mendis (2009)
Abdul Karim Mulla, Srinivas B. N (2015)
Mohd Irfan Moinuddin, MohdAfroz Khan
(2010)
Shivacharan K, Chandrakala S, (2015)

Krunal Z. Mistry, Proff. Dhruti J. (2015)

Roslida Abd. Samat,et(2008)
Abbas Haghollahi, Mohsen
Besharat Ferdous, Mehdi
Kasiri (2012)

Gerasimidis S., Efthymiou E. &

Baniotopoulos C., (2009)

M. R. Jahanshahi, R.
Rahgozar (2013)
rigid outrigger
(Kamgar and Rahgozar 2015)
determined the optimum location of a flexible outrigger. In
approach, the framed tube system is modeled as a
cantilevered beam with box cross section. The effect of
outrigger and shear core systems on framed tube’s response
under lateral loading is modeled by a rotational spring
placed at the location of belt truss and outrigger system.
 )Lee and Tovar 2014(
method is proposed for optimal outrigger placement using topology
optimization This paper is one of the first works to propose finding
the optimal placement of outriggers using topology optimization.
The proposed methodology is based on the definition of a novel
design domain inspired by the structural systems of tall buildings.
The proposed design algorithm is numerically efficient for large
Using ANSYS, the tall building model was constructed by stacking up
a floor-wise module-scale 67 stories,
 )Sukhdeve 2016(
In this paper, analysis of tall building was carried out to find the optimum
position of outrigger system by using lateral loads. The three
dimensional model using ETABS was considered. The objective of this
paper was to study the outrigger location optimization and the
efficiency of each outrigger when three outriggers are used in the
structure. From the analysis, result has been found that performance
of the outrigger was efficient and three optimum position of outrigger
has been found i.e. at mid height of building, second at 3/4th of height
and third at 1/4th of height of building.
(Prasad and Kumar 2016)
The main objective of this research is to compare models with
outrigger, belt truss and outrigger with belt truss in which their
position remains constant in all the models. A 30 storey structure
with vertical irregularity is subjected to seismic analysis as per IS
1893 (Part-1): 2002 using finite element software ETABS and
compares the parameters such as base shear, lateral displacement
and storey drift. Seismic analysis using equivalent static and
response spectrum method has been performed. it can be
predicted that building with outrigger and belt truss performs
better compared to the other two models
(Hoenderkamp 2011)

He presented a graphical method for locating the

optimum position of outriggers on shear walls with
basement FIN WALLS ON NON-RIGID FOUNDATION for
preliminary design of high-rise stuctures subjected to
horizontal loading. This location for the outrigger will
cause a maximum reduction in lateral deflection at
the top of the building
(Fawzia and Fatima 2016)
The aim of this paper is to determine the optimum location of steel belt and
outrigger systems by using different arrangement of single and double level
outrigger for different size, shape and height of composite building. In this
study a comprehensive finite element modelling of composite building
prototypes is carried out, with three different layouts (Rectangular,
Octagonal and L The results demonstrate that wind action is responsive to
the number and placement of belt-truss and outriggers as well as to the
different plan layout and height of the building. The findings of the
investigation can be summarizes as:
?
)Park et al. 2016(

This study proposes an optimal design method for minimizing the

volume of the primary structural members (core wall, outrigger,
and external columns) and calculating the optimal locations of
outriggers using a genetic algorithm that increasing the number of
outrigger installations reduces the total volume of structural
members needed in the outrigger system to satisfy the
displacement constraint of the top floor (H/500, H: building
height). Additionally, the cross-sections of the core wall and
outrigger decreased and that of the external column increased
)Patil and Sangle 2016(
This paper aims to investigate the seismic behaviour of outrigger
braced buildings to find out the optimum location of outrigger in
high rise 2-D steel buildings. For this purpose, a nonlinear static
pushover analysis was carried out on different outrigger braced
high rise steel buildings of 20, 25, 30, and 35 storeys to capture the
seismic response. It is observed that the position of outriggers,
lateral load patterns, and height of building significantly influences
the seismic performance of the high rise building. , nonlinear static
pushover analysis using different lateral load patterns points out
that the optimum location of outrigger can be varied with different
load patterns. Adding outrigger at 0.3H to 0.6H height
)Nicoreac and Hoenderkamp 2012(
This paper presents simple equations for the natural lateral and rotational
periods of vibration for high-rise steel structures comprising braced
frames with outrigger trusses. The structural floor plan can be symmetric
or asymmetric combinations of identical bents. Each braced frame is
modeled by a cantilever with a bending stiffness and racking shear
stiffness. The outriggers are represented by a rotational spring.
Results obtained by the simplified method are compared to those from a
finite element analysis. The approximate method gives acceptable
conservative results for preliminary analysis. results that are within 4% of
those obtained from finite element analyses
(Li et al. 2016)
An experimental investigation on the seismic behavior of a
type of outrigger truss-reinforced concrete wall Shear
connection using multiple steel angles is presented Wall
boundary elements provide beneficial confinement to the
concrete surrounding steel angles and thus increase the
strength and stiffness of connections. Connections
 )Mohamed and Najm 2016(
This paper advocates the use of outrigger systems to control
lateral drift in a wider class of structures to benefit from the
additional advantage of reducing the potential for collapse
associated with the loss of one or more perimeter
columns.Properly designed outrigger systems are capable of
transferring loads associated with the collapse of a perimeter
column to other parts of the structural system, even when the
loss is not due to a natural phenomenon such as wind or
earthquakes.
Construction Methods Managing
DifferentialColumn Shortening
Fixed joint without adjustment
outrigger to perimeter column joints in the
construction stage can be efficient for some cases
since the outrigger system shares the overturning
moment from the beginning without other
remedies to the joint A representative project
employed this method is Burj Dubai. In the Burj
Dubai project, the wall thicknesses and column
sizes were determined to minimize the effects of
long-term differential shortenings such as creep
and shrinkage on the individual elements
Delayed joint (Chung, 2002)
Delayed joint methods are widely used in the field of civil
and architectural engineering as well as high-rise building
with outrigger system. With this method, the outrigger
and perimeter columns are not coupled in the
construction stage and the connections will be fixed after
the completion of the construction. Since the building is
designed to resist lateral loading solely by the core, the
design is less risky with comparatively simple engineering,
however, the climbing of the construction cost due to
increased structural materials is not avoidable
adjustment Cross-jack system
Kwok and Vesey (1997) proposed an idea of using flat jacks in
balancing the loads on outriggers/columns connection.The
concept allows outriggers to be connected during construction.
Through the flat jacks at top and bottom of outriggers, the
levels of outriggers can then be adjusted by tuning the top and
bottom jacks. The jacks will finally be grouted at the end of
construction to provide permanent connections
Although the cross-jacks system solves the elastic shortening
problem and at the same time maintains the lateral stability, it is
unable to handle shrinkage, creep and also
the variable live load during the service period of the building
Shim-plate correction method
A modified version of the cross-jacks system was suggested by Ho et al.
(1999) and applied in the design and construction of Cheung Kong
Center in Hong Kong in 1995. Disadvantages
• If controlling the gap fails, additional stresses in the
structural members may develop.
• Keeping the joint gap in a specified range such as
1~2 mm via shim plate replacements is essentially
impossible.
Adjustable joint (Shim Plate Adjustment Method)(Chung, 2002)
Outrigger Damper
This new proposed method was conceived to
overcome the difficulty of keeping such a small
gaps at the outrigger connections. This method
also should successfully transfer dynamic loads
generated from winds and earthquakes
Concrete Outrigger System with
Structural Fuse
shear dissipation component (i.e., structural fuse) connecting
the outrigger and the mega column. The component was
designed such that it remains elastic in gravity,the fuse
component yields, provides additional damping and also
protecting the concrete outriggers from excessive damage.
These fuses could be replaced after severe These fuses
could be replaced after sever The fuse could also use as a
delayed joint in connecting the outrigger and mega column
if required
(Wang 2012)

This paper first investigates the potential of using smart

dampers, specifically magnetorheological (MR) fluid
dampers, As a result from the experiment, the smart
outrigger system demonstrates the efficacy for
mitigating the building displacements and overturning
moments through semi-active control under seismic
excitations.
(Zhou et al. 2012)
The model studied is a 60 stories composite building that has a
rectangular plan of 34 m x 44 m with height of 252 m by using
ETABS software program
(1) Seismic performance of the building with energy-dissipation
stories is better than the building with outriggers.
(2) The inter-storey drifts of the building with energy-dissipation
stories are more uniform than the building with outriggers.
(3) Energy-dissipation story system can effectively increase the
model additional damping ratios of building, and its effective
position is at the middle of the building
 (Tan et al. 2015)
This study proposes complex rotational stiffness for
modeling multiple damped outriggers in a tall
building. The complex rotational stiffness considers
interaction between peripheral columns and the
dampers in damped outriggers
Plaza 66, Shanghai, China, 2001
Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan, 2004
The Petronas Twin Towers
Trump International Hotel & Tower,
Chicago, USA, 2009
Outrigger project examples
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