Princom Intro

LECTURE 1
INTRODUCTION TO PRINCIPLES
OF COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
PART 1
WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND
of
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM?
DEFINITIONS OF
COMMUNICATIONS
 Humans exchanging information
 Machines exchanging information
 Conveying thoughts, feelings,
ideas, and facts
 Sending and receiving information
by electronic means
BARRIERS TO
COMMUNICATIONS
 Language: human,
computer, or electronic
 Distance: space between
sending and receiving
parties
COMMON FORMS OF
COMMUNICATIONS
 Human voice: face-to-face conversations,
public speakers, actors in plays, etc.
 Audio: CDs, tape, records, radio
 Body language: non-verbal
 Print: newspapers, magazines, books, etc.
 Film: still and movie
 Video: movies, graphics and animation
 Music: personal, concerts
FORMS OF ELECTRONIC
COMMUNICATIONS
 Radio and TV broadcasting
 Telephone, wired and wireless
 Fax
 Pagers
 Computer networks: modem, e-
mail, Internet and World Wide
Web, wireless
 Satellites, radar, radio telescopes
Communication systems
Basic components:
 Transmitter
 Channel or medium
 Receiver
 Noise degrades or
interferes with transmitted
information.
Communication Systems
Transmitter
 The transmitter is a collection of electronic
components and circuits that converts the electrical
signal into a signal suitable for transmission over a
given medium.
 Transmitters are made up of oscillators, amplifiers,

tuned circuits and filters, modulators, frequency
mixers, frequency synthesizers, and other circuits.
Communication Channel
 The communication channel is the
medium by which the electronic signal is
sent from one place to another.
 Types of media include
 Electrical conductors
 Optical media
 Free space
 System-specific media (e.g., water is the medium for
sonar).
Receivers
 A receiver is a collection of electronic
components and circuits that accepts the
transmitted message from the channel and
converts it back into a form understandable by
humans.
 Receivers contain amplifiers, oscillators, mixers,
tuned circuits and filters, and a demodulator or
detector that recovers the original intelligence
signal from the modulated carrier
Transceivers
 A transceiver is an electronic unit that
incorporates circuits that both send and
receive signals.
 Examples are:
• Telephones
• Fax machines
• Handheld CB radios
• Cell phones
• Computer modems
Noise
 Noise is random, undesirable electronic
energy that enters the communication
system via the communicating medium and
interferes with the transmitted message.
TYPES OF
COMMUNICATIONS
Channel Simplex:
TX RX One-way
Duplex:
Two-way
TX RX
Half duplex:
Channel(s) Alternate TX/RX
Full duplex:
RX TX Simultaneous
TX/RX
TYPES OF COMMUNICATIONS
SIGNALS
Analog - smooth and continuous voltage variation.
Digital - binary or two voltage levels.
Time
COMMUNICATIONS
SIGNAL VARIATIONS
 Baseband - The original
information signal such as audio,
video, or computer data. Can be
analog or digital.
 Broadband - The baseband signal
modulates or modifies a carrier
signal, which is usually a sine
wave at a frequency much higher
than the baseband signal.
Basic analog communications system
Baseband signal
EM waves (modulated
(electrical signal) Transmitter signal)
Input Transmission
transducer Modulator
Channel
EM waves (modulated
Carrier signal)
Baseband signal
(electrical signal) Receiver
Output
Demodulator
transducer
19
MODULATION
 An electronic technique in which a
baseband information signal modifies a
carrier signal (usually a sine wave) for
the purpose of frequency translation and
carrying the information signal via radio.
 The common types of modulation are
amplitude, frequency and phase.
Why modulation is needed?
 To generate a modulated signal suited and

compatible to the characteristics of the
transmission channel.
 For ease radiation and reduction of antenna
size
 Reduction of noise and interference
 Channel assignment
 Increase transmission speed
21
Modulation at the transmitter
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
The modulating (baseband) signal is a sinusoid in this example.
High-frequency carrier, normally much

higher than the baseband frequency
FREQUENCY MODULATION
The baseband signal controls the carrier’s frequency

and the carrier’s amplitude remains constant.
Carrier Modulating signal
Resting fc
FM
Increasing fc
Decreasing fc
Increasing fc
Resting fc
MULTIPLEXING
 Multiplexing (MUX or MPX) - the

process of simultaneously transmitting
two or more baseband information
signals over a single communications
channel.
 Demultiplexing (DEMUX or DMPX) - the
process of recovering the individual
baseband signals from the multiplexed
signal.
MULTIPLEXING AND
DEMULTIPLEXING
Single communications channel (radio or cable)
MUX DEMUX
Original baseband Recovered baseband

information signals information signals
Modulation and Multiplexing
ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
 Radio broadcasting (AM & FM)
 Television broadcasting (analog &
DTV)
 Cable TV
 Wireless remote control
 Paging
 Navigation and direction finding
 Telemetry
APPLICATIONS (Continued)
 Radio astronomy
 Surveillance
 RF identification (ID)
 Music services
 Telephones (wired, cordless,
cellular)
 Facsimile
 Two-way radio
APPLICATIONS (Continued)
 Radar
 Sonar
 Amateur radio
 Citizens and family radio
 Data communications
 Networks
 Internet and World Wide
Web
FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH
 Cycle - One complete occurrence of a
repeating wave (periodic signal) such
as one positive and one negative
alternation of a sine wave.
 Frequency - the number of cycles of a
signal that occur in one second.
 Period - the time distance between two
similar points on a periodic wave.
 Wavelength - the distance traveled by
an electromagnetic (radio) wave during
one period.
PERIOD AND FREQUENCY
COMPARED
T = One period
time
One cycle Frequency = f = 1/T

Frequency and wavelength compared
+
T
0 time
f = 1/T
distance
CALCULATING WAVELENGTH
AND FREQUENCY
 = 300/f
f = 300/
 = wavelength in meters
f = frequency in MHz
30 Hz 107 m
ELF
300 Hz 106 m
VF
3 kHz 105 m
(f = 300/)
VLF
30 kHz 104 m
LF
300 kHz 103 m
MF
3 MHz 102 m
HF
Frequency
30 MHz 10 m
Wavelength
300 MHz 1m
3 GHz 10-1 m
FROM 30 HZ TO 300 GHZ
30 GHz 10-2 m
VHF UHF SHF EHF
( = 300/f)
300 GHz 10-3 m

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Millimeter
waves
10-4 m
LOW AND MEDIUM
FREQUENCIES
 Extremely Low Frequencies - 30 to
300 Hz
 Voice Frequencies - 300 to 3000 Hz
 Very Low Frequencies - 3 kHz to 30
kHz
 Low Frequencies - 30 kHz to 300 kHz
 Medium Frequencies - 300 kHz to 3
MHz
HIGH FREQUENCIES
 High Frequencies
- 3 MHz to 30 MHz
 Very High Frequencies
- 30 MHz to 300 MHz
 Ultra High Frequencies
- 300 MHz to 3 GHz
(1 GHz and above = microwaves)
 Super High Frequencies
- 3 GHz to 30 GHz
 Extremely High Frequencies
- 30 GHz to 300 GHz
300 GHz 10-3 m
Millimeter
waves
10-4 m
10-5 m
Infrared
0.8 x 10-6 m
Visible
0.4 x 10-6 m
Ultraviolet
X-rays
Gamma rays
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM ABOVE 300 GHZ
Cosmic rays
Wavelength
OPTICAL FREQUENCIES
 Infrared - 0.7 to 10 micron

 Visible light - 0.4 to 0.8 micron
 Ultraviolet - Shorter than 0.4
micron
Note: A micron is one millionth of a meter.
Light waves are measured and expressed
in wavelength rather than frequency.
Noise, interference and
distortion
 Noise:unwanted signals that coincide with the desired
signals. Noise is random, undesirable electric energy.
 Two type of noise:internal and external noise.
 Internal noise: Caused by internal
devices/components in the circuits.
 External noise:noise that is generated outside the
circuit. Eg: atmospheric noise,solar noise, cosmic
noise, man made noise.
 Interference-one type of external noise
 Distortion: signal being distorted
Limitations in communication
system
 Physical constraint
-Delay, attenuation, bandwidth
limitation, etc
 Technological constraint
- hardware.
- Expertise
- economy, law
Frequency Spectrum &Bandwidth
 The frequency spectrum of a waveform

consists of all frequencies contained in
the waveform and their amplitudes
plotted in the frequency domain.
 The bandwidth of a frequency spectrum
is the range of of frequencies contained
in the spectrum.It is calculated by
subtracting the lowest frequency from
the highest.
Frequency Spectrum &Bandwidth
(cont’d)
 Bandwidth of the information signal
equals to the difference between the
highest and lowest frequency contained
in the signal.
 Similarly, bandwidth of communication
channel is the difference between the
highest and lowest frequency that the
channel allow to pass through it

Princom Intro

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Princom Intro

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Princom Intro

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LECTURE 1

 Transmitters are made up of oscillators, amplifiers,

Digital - binary or two voltage levels.

 To generate a modulated signal suited and

 Increase transmission speed

High-frequency carrier, normally much

The baseband signal controls the carrier’s frequency

 Multiplexing (MUX or MPX) - the

Original baseband Recovered baseband

One cycle Frequency = f = 1/T

300 GHz 10-3 m

 Infrared - 0.7 to 10 micron

 The frequency spectrum of a waveform

You might also like