Haematoma: BDS-2 Year Roll No-52

HAEMATOMA
BY
BDS-2 ND YEAR
ROLL NO-52
HEMATOMA
A hematoma or haematoma is a localized
collection of blood outside the blood vessels, due to
either disease or trauma including injury or
surgery and may involve blood continuing to seep
from broken capillaries.
A hematoma is initially in liquid form spread
among the tissues including in sacs between tissues
where it may coagulate and solidify before blood is
reabsorbed into blood vessels.
An ecchymosis is a hematoma of the skin larger
than 10mm.
They may occur among/within many areas such as skin
and other organs, connective tissues, bone, joints and
muscle.
A collection of blood (or even a hemorrhage) may be
aggravated by anticoagulant medication (blood thinner).
Blood seepage and collection of blood may occur
if heparin is given via an intramuscular route; to avoid
this, heparin must be given intravenously or
subcutaneously.
TOUNGE HEMATOMA
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Some hematomas are visible under the surface of the skin
(commonly called bruises) or possibly felt as
masses/lump.
Lumps may be caused by the limitation of the blood to a
sac, subcutaneous or intramuscular tissue space isolated
by fascial planes.
This is a key anatomical feature that helps prevent injuries
from causing massive blood loss. In most cases the
hematoma such as a sac of blood eventually dissolves;
however, in some cases they may continue to grow such
as due to blood seepage or show no change. If the sac of
blood does not disappear, then it may need to be
surgically cleaned out/repaired..
The slow process of reabsorption of hematomas can
allow the broken down blood cells and hemoglobin
pigment to move in the connective tissue
For example, a patient who injures the base of his thumb
might cause a hematoma, which will slowly move all
through the finger within a week. Gravity is the main
determinant of this process.
Hematomas on articulations can reduce mobility of a
member and present roughly the same symptoms as
a fracture.
In most cases, movement and exercise of the affected
muscle is the best way to introduce the collection back
into the blood stream.
A mis-diagnosis of a hematoma in the vertebra can
sometimes occur; this is correctly called
a hemangioma (buildup of cells) or a benign tumor.
COMMON SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
A lump over the area of injury (hematoma)
Swelling and pain
Bruising and limited movement of the joint near the injury
Weakness and stiffness
In severe cases:
• Swelling and bleeding may cause shock
• Broken bone, Joint Sprain or Ligament Damage, dislocated joint, torn
muscle, or other injuries
• Injury to your abdomen may damage internal organs
CLASSIFICATION
Types
Subdermal hematoma (under the skin)
Skull/brain:
• Subgaleal hematoma – between the galea aponeurosis and periosteum
• Cephalohematoma – between the periosteum and skull. Commonly caused by
vacuum delivery and vertex delivery.
• Epidural hematoma – between the skull and dura mater
• Subdural hematoma – between the dura mater and arachnoid mater
• Subarachnoid hematoma – between the arachnoid mater and pia
mater (the subarachnoid space)
• Othematoma – between the skin and the layers of cartilage of the ear
Breast hematoma (breast)
Perichondral hematoma (ear)
Perianal hematoma (anus)
Subungual hematoma (nail)
DEGREES
• Petechiae – small pinpoint

hematomas less than 3 mm in
diameter
• Purpura (purple) – a bruise about
1 cm in diameter, generally round in
shape
• Ecchymosis – subcutaneous
extravasation of blood in a thin layer
under the skin, i.e. bruising or "black
and blue," over 1 cm in diameter
ADVICE AND
TREATMENT
Your first step is to control the bleeding to
prevent your haematoma from growing -
compression and elevation of the area above
your heart helps to limit the bleeding from
veins or arteries. The RICE formula is best to
follow:
The first 24-48 hours
Rest. Protect your injury from further damage
by stopping play. If it is painful to walk you
might benefit from using crutches
Ice - Place ice or a bag or frozen peas
wrapped in a towel on the injures area - this
helps to reduce your flow of blood to the
injured area. Remove this after 10 minutes
and repeat hourly for the first 24 waking
hours
Compression. Wrap the injured area (if
possible) in a soft bandage to keep pressure on
the area. Make sure this is not too tight, you
don't want to cut your blood flow off to your
limb
Elevation. Raise the injured area to a level
above the heart
Most haematomas get better quickly and
remember to avoid massage to your injured
area. Some may take longer to resolve and you
might feel a raised lump for some time.
After the first 48 hours and whilst you wait for

it to heal, just keep gently exercising and
stretching the area as long as you don't cause
pain. Anti-inflammatory medication helps to
control your pain and inflammation so just
speak to your pharmacist for advice on which
medication is best for you, especially if you are
taking other medication

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HAEMATOMA

A lump over the area of injury (hematoma)

Swelling and pain

Bruising and limited movement of the joint near the injury

Weakness and stiffness

• Petechiae – small pinpoint

After the first 48 hours and whilst you wait for

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