3) Fp2 Further Complex Numbers

Introduction
• This chapter extends on what you have learnt in FP1
• You will learn how to find the complex roots of numbers
• You will learn how to use De Moivre’s theorem in solving

equations
• You will see how to plot the loci of points following a rule on an
Argand diagram
• You will see how to solve problems involving transforming a set

of values in one plane into another plane
𝑧 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
Further complex numbers

y
You can express a complex number z (x,y)

in the form z = r(cosθ + isinθ)
r
y
You should hopefully remember the θ
modulus-argument form of a complex x
x
number z = x + iy from FP1
The value r is the modulus of the

complex number, its distance from
the origin (0,0) r is the modulus of z, its By GCSE trigonometry, length
absolute value x = rcosθ and length y = rsinθ
The argument is the angle the  This can be calculated using 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
complex number makes with the Pythagoras’ Theorem
positive x-axis, where:
𝑟= 𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
-π < θ ≤ π
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 Replace x and y using

To show this visually…
the values above
𝑧 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Factorise by
𝑧 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) taking out r
3A

y
You can express a complex number
in the form z = r(cosθ + isinθ) This is the
Pay attention to the directions argument
 The ‘x’ part is negative so r
Express the following complex will go in the negative 1
number in the modulus-argument direction horizontally θ
x
form: √3
 The ‘y’ part is positive so will
z = -√3 + i go upwards
To do this you need to find both the

 Once sketched you can then find the modulus and
argument and the modulus of the
argument using GCSE Pythagoras and Trigonometry
complex number
2 1
 Start by sketching it on an Argand
𝑟= 3 + (1)2 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
Calculate
3
Inverse
diagram
Tan
𝑟=2 𝜋
𝑧 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝜃=
6
Replace r Remember that the Subtract
5𝜋 5𝜋 and θ argument is 5𝜋 from π
𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
6
+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
6 measured from the arg 𝑧 =
6
positive x-axis!
3A

5𝜋 5𝜋
in the form z = r(cosθ + isinθ) 𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
6 6
Express the following complex

number in the modulus-argument Remember that the argument is not unique
form:
 We could add 2π to them and the result would be
the same, because 2π radians is a complete turn
z = -√3 + i

complex number
 Start by sketching it on an Argand

diagram
3A

y
in the form z = r(cosθ + isinθ)
Pay attention to the directions
 The ‘x’ part is positive so will
Express the following complex go in the positive direction
number in the modulus-argument horizontally 1
x
form: θ
1
r
 The ‘y’ part is negative so will
z=1-i go downwards

 Once sketched you can then find the modulus and
argument using GCSE Pythagoras and Trigonometry
complex number
1
𝑟= 1 2 + (1)2 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
 Start by sketching it on an Argand 1
Calculate Inverse
diagram
𝑟= 2 Tan
𝜋
𝑧 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝜃=
4 Negative as
Replace r
below the
𝜋 𝜋 and θ 𝜋
𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 − arg 𝑧 = − x-axis
4 4 4
3A
𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
in the form z = reiθ
In chapter 6 you will meet series

expansions of cosθ and sinθ
This can be used to prove the

following result (which we will do
when we come to chapter 6)
If z = x + iy then the complex number

can also be written in this way:
z = reiθ
As before, r is the modulus of the

complex number and θ is the
argument
 This form is known as the

‘exponential form’
3A
y
Pay attention to the directions
 The ‘x’ part is positive so will
Express the following complex go in the positive direction
number in the form reiθ, where horizontally 2 x
-π < θ ≤ π θ
 The ‘y’ part is negative so will 3
r
z = 2 – 3i go downwards
As with the modulus-argument form,  Once sketched you can then find the modulus and
you should start by sketching an argument using GCSE Pythagoras and Trigonometry
Argand diagram and use it to find r
and θ 𝑟= 2 2 + (3)2 3
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
2
Calculate Inverse
Tan
𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑟 = 13 𝜃 = 0.98
Replace r Negative as
and θ
𝑧 = 13𝑒 −0.98𝑖 below the
x-axis
arg 𝑧 = −0.98
3A
𝑧 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝜃 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
y
y = cosθ
You can express a complex number 1
-θ θ θ
0
-360º -270º -180º -90º -θ θ 90º 180º 270º
In Core 2, you will have seen the
following: -1
You can see that cos(-θ) = cosθ anywhere on the graph

cos(-θ) = cosθ
y y = sinθ
sin(-θ) = -sinθ
1
-θ
0 θ
-360º -270º -180º -90º θ 90º 180º 270º
-1
You can see that sin(-θ) = -sinθ anywhere on the graph
3A
You can express a complex number 𝜋 𝜋
𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
in the form z = reiθ 10 10
Express the following in the form

z = reiθ where –π < θ ≤ π
You can see You can see
𝜋 𝜋 from the form from the form
𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 that r = √2 that θ = π/10
10 10
𝜋
𝑟= 2 𝜃=
10
Replace r and θ
𝜋
𝑧= 2𝑒 10𝑖
3A
in the form z = reiθ 𝑧 = 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
8 8

z = reiθ where –π < θ ≤ π
𝜋 𝜋 We need to adjust this first

𝑧 = 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
8 8
 The sign in the centre is negative, we need it to
be positive for the ‘rules’ to work
 We also need both angles to be identical. In this

case we can apply the rules we saw a moment ago…
3A
in the form z = reiθ 𝑧 = 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
8 8
Apply cosθ = cos(-θ)
Apply sin(-θ) = -sin(θ)
Express the following in the form 𝜋 𝜋
z = reiθ where –π < θ ≤ π 𝑧 = 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 −
8 8
𝜋 𝜋
𝑧 = 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
8 8
You can see You can see

from the form from the form
that r = 5 that θ = -π/8
𝑟=5 𝜋
𝜃=−
8
Replace r and θ
𝜋
− 𝑖
𝑧= 5𝑒 8
3A
3𝜋
You can express a complex number 𝑧= 2𝑒 4 𝑖

z = x + iy where 𝑥 ∈ ℝ and 𝑦 ∈ ℝ You can see You can see
3𝜋 that r = √2 that θ = 3π/4
𝑧= 2𝑒 4 𝑖 𝑟= 2 3𝜋
𝜃=
4
Replace r and θ
This means that x and 3𝜋 3𝜋
y have to be real 𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
numbers (ie not
4 4 You can calculate all of
this! Leave the second part
complex) in terms of i
𝑧 = −1 + 𝑖
3A
23𝜋
You can express a complex number 𝑧= 2𝑒 5 𝑖 The value of θ is not
in the form z = reiθ in the range we want.
We can keep
subtracting 2π until
Express the following in the form it is!
r(cosθ + isinθ), where –π < θ ≤ π You can see You can see
23𝜋 that r = 2 that θ = 23π/5
𝑧= 2𝑒 5 𝑖 𝑟=2 23𝜋
𝜃=
5 Subtract
2π
13𝜋
𝜃=
5 Subtract
2π
3𝜋
𝜃=
5
Replace r and θ
3𝜋 3𝜋
5 5
3A
You can express a complex number 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
in the form z = reiθ Let θ = -θ
𝑖(−𝜃)
𝑒 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝜃
Use the relationships
Use:
above to rewrite
𝑖𝜃
𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑒 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
To show that: 1) 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

1 𝑖𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 2) 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2
Add 1 and 2
𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Divide by 2
1 −𝑖𝜃
𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
2
3A
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 + 𝜃2

You need to know how multiplying and Multiplying a complex number z1 by another complex
dividing affects both the modulus and number z2, both in the modulus-argument form
argument of the resulting complex 𝑧1 = 𝑟1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2
number
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 × 𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2
To be able to do this you need to be Rewrite
able to use the identities for sine and 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2
cosine of two angles added or
subtracted – you will have seen these in Now you can expand the double bracket as you would with a quadratic
Core 3
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 + 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 + 𝑖 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 ± 𝜃2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 ± 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 + 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2
Group terms using the identities to the left

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 ± 𝜃2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 ∓ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2  You can also factorise the ‘i’ out
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 + 𝜃2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1
So when multiplying two complex numbers in the modulus-
argument form:
 Multiply the moduli
 Add the arguments together
 The form of the answer is the same
3B
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖(𝜃1 +𝜃2 )

You need to know how multiplying and Multiplying a complex number z1 by another complex
dividing affects both the modulus and number z2, both in the exponential form
argument of the resulting complex
𝑧1 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃2
number
To be able to do this you need to be 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃2

able to use the identities for sine and Rewrite
cosine of two angles added or  Remember you add the
powers in this situation
subtracted – you will have seen these in 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 +𝑖𝜃2
Core 3
You can factorise the
power
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 ± 𝜃2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 ± 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖(𝜃1 +𝜃2)
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 ± 𝜃2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 ∓ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2
You can see that in this form the process is
essentially the same as for the modulus-argument
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 form:
 Multiply the moduli together

 Add the arguments together
 The answer is in the same form
3B
𝑧1 𝑟1
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖(𝜃1 +𝜃2 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 − 𝜃2
𝑧2 𝑟2

Dividing a complex number z1 by another complex
You need to know how multiplying and number z2, both in the modulus-argument form
dividing affects both the modulus and
argument of the resulting complex 𝑧1 = 𝑟1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2
number
𝑧1 𝑟1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1
=
𝑧2 𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2
Multiply to cancel terms
To be able to do this you need to be
on the denominator
able to use the identities for sine and 𝑧1 𝑟1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1
×
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2
=
cosine of two angles added or 𝑧2 𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2
subtracted – you will have seen these in Multiply
out
Core 3 𝑧1
=
𝑟1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 − 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 − 𝑖 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2
𝑧2 𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 − 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 − 𝑖 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 Remove
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 ± 𝜃2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 ± 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 i2
𝑧1 𝑟1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 − 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2
=
𝑧2 𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 − 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 ± 𝜃2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 ∓ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 Group
real and
𝑧1 𝑟1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 complex
2 2 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 1 𝑧2 𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃2
Rewrite
terms
So when dividing two complex numbers in 𝑧1 𝑟1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 − 𝜃2
the modulus-argument form: =
𝑧2 𝑟2
 Divide the moduli Rewrite
 Subtract the arguments (again!)
𝑧1 𝑟1
 The form of the answer is the same = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 − 𝜃2
𝑧2 𝑟2
3B
𝑧1 𝑟1 𝑧1 𝑟1
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖(𝜃1 +𝜃2 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 = 𝑒 𝑖(𝜃1 −𝜃2 )
𝑧2 𝑟2 𝑧2 𝑟2

Dividing a complex number z1 by another complex
You need to know how multiplying and number z2, both in the exponential form
dividing affects both the modulus and
argument of the resulting complex 𝑧1 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃2
number
𝑧1 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1
=
To be able to do this you need to be 𝑧2 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃2 Rewrite terms
able to use the identities for sine and  The denominator can be
cosine of two angles added or written with a negative power
subtracted – you will have seen these in
𝑧1 𝑟1
= 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃2
Core 3 𝑧2 𝑟2
Multiplying so add the powers
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 ± 𝜃2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 ± 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2
𝑧1 𝑟1
= 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 −𝑖𝜃2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 ± 𝜃2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 ∓ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2
𝑧2 𝑟2
Factorise the power
𝑧1 𝑟1
2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 1 = 𝑒 𝑖(𝜃1−𝜃2)
𝑧2 𝑟2
You can see that in this form the process is essentially the
same as for the modulus-argument form:
 Divide the moduli

 Subtract the arguments
 The answer is in the same form
3B
𝑧1 𝑟1 𝑧1 𝑟1
𝑧2 𝑟2 𝑧2 𝑟2

5𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
You need to know how multiplying and 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 × 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
12 12 12 12
dividing affects both the modulus and Combine using one of
argument of the resulting complex the rules above
number  Multiply the moduli
5𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋  Add the arguments
3(4) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 +
12 12 12 12
Express the following calculation in the
Simplify
form x + iy: terms
𝜋 𝜋
12 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
5𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2 2
3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 × 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 Calculate the cos and sin parts (in
12 12 12 12
terms of i where needed)
12 0 + 𝑖(1)
Multiply out
= 12𝑖
3B
𝑧1 𝑟1 𝑧1 𝑟1
𝑧2 𝑟2 𝑧2 𝑟2

𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
You need to know how multiplying and 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 × 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 The cos and sin
15 15 5 5 terms must be added
dividing affects both the modulus and for this to work!
argument of the resulting complex  Rewrite using the
number 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 rules you saw in 3A
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 × 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 −
15 15 5 5
Combine using a
Express the following calculation in the rule from above
form x + iy: 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
2(3) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 −
15 5 15 5
𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 × 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 Simplify
15 15 5 5
𝜋 𝜋
6 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 −
3 3
Calculate the cos and
cos(-θ) = cosθ
sin parts
1 3
6 +𝑖 −
sin(-θ) = -sinθ 2 2
Multiply out
= 3 − 3 3𝑖
3B
𝑧1 𝑟1 𝑧1 𝑟1
𝑧2 𝑟2 𝑧2 𝑟2

𝜋 𝜋
You need to know how multiplying and 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
12
+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
12
dividing affects both the modulus and 5𝜋 5𝜋
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 Combine using one of the
argument of the resulting complex 6 6 rules above
number  Divide the moduli
 Subtract the arguments
2 𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
Express the following calculation in the 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 −
2 12 6 12 6
form x + iy:
Simplify
𝜋 𝜋
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 3𝜋 3𝜋
12 12 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 −
5𝜋 5𝜋 2 4 4
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 You can work out the
6 6 sin and cos parts
2 1 1
− +𝑖 −
2 2 2
Multiply out
1 1
=− − 𝑖
2 2
3B
You need to be able to prove that 𝑧 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
[r(cosθ + isinθ)]n = rn(cos(nθ +
isinnθ) for any integer n 𝑧2 = 𝑧 × 𝑧 Use the modulus-
argument form
𝑧 2 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) × 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
Let: Multiply the moduli,
2 2 add the arguments
z = r(cosθ + isinθ) 𝑧 = 𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃)
1
𝑧 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
𝑧3 = 𝑧2 × 𝑧
Use the modulus-
argument form
𝑧 2 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 2
= 𝑟 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃) 𝑧 3 = 𝑟 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃) × 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
Multiply the moduli,
3 3 add the arguments
𝑧 = 𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃)
= 𝑟 3 (𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃)
= 𝑟 4 (𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝜃) 𝑧4 = 𝑧3 × 𝑧 Use the modulus-
argument form
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑧 4 = 𝑟 3 (𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃) × 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) Multiply the moduli,
𝑧 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) = 𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃)
add the arguments
𝑧 4 = 𝑟 4 (𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝜃)
This is De Moivre’s Theorem
 You need to be able to prove this De Moivre = ‘De Mwavre’ (pronunciation)
3C
𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝑛
= 𝑟 𝑛 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃)

You need to be able to prove that Proving that: 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑛
= 𝑟 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃
[r(cosθ + isinθ)]n = rn(cos(nθ + is true for all positive integers
isinnθ) for any integer n
BASIS
De Moivre’s theorem can be proved
using the method of proof by induction  Show that the statement is true for n = 1
from FP1 𝑛
𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃
Sub in
Basis – show the statement is true for 1
n=1
n=1 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑟1 𝑐𝑜𝑠1𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛1𝜃
Simplify
each side
Assumption – assume the statement is 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
true for n = k
Inductive – show that if true for n = k, ASSUMPTION

then the statement is also true for n =  Assume that the statement is true for n = k
k+1
𝑛
𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃
Replace n
Conclusion – because the statement is with k
true for n = 1 and also true if any value 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑘
= 𝑟 𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝜃
is, then the statement is true for all
values of n
3C

INDUCTIVE
using the method of proof by induction  Show that if true for n = k, the statement is also
from FP1 true for n = k + 1
𝑛
𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Basis – show the statement is true for
n=1 Sub in n = k + 1
𝑘+1 You can write this as
𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 two separate parts as
Assumption – assume the statement is the powers are added
true for n = k together
𝑘 1 We can rewrite the first
𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 × 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
part based on the
Inductive – show that if true for n = k, assumption step, and the
then the statement is also true for n = second based on the
k+1 = 𝑟 𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝜃 × 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) basis step
Using the multiplication
rules from 3B
Conclusion – because the statement is = 𝑟 𝑘+1 cos(𝑘 + 1)𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘 + 1)𝜃  Multiply the moduli,
add the arguments
true for n = 1 and also true if any value
is, then the statement is true for all
values of n
3C

CONCLUSION
using the method of proof by induction  Explain why this shows it is true…
from FP1  We showed the statement is true for n = 1
We then assumed the following:

Basis – show the statement is true for
n=1 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑘
= 𝑟 𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝜃
Using the assumption, we showed that:
Assumption – assume the statement is
true for n = k 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑘+1
= 𝑟 𝑘+1 cos 𝑘 + 1 𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘 + 1)𝜃
Inductive – show that if true for n = k, As all the ‘k’ terms have become ‘k + 1’ terms, if the statement
then the statement is also true for n = is true for one term, it must be true for the next, and so on…
k+1
 The statement was true for 1, so must be true for 2, and
therefore 3, and so on…
Conclusion – because the statement is
true for n = 1 and also true if any value  We have therefore proven the statement for all positive
is, then the statement is true for all integers!
values of n
3C

−𝑚
You need to be able to prove that 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Write using a positive
[r(cosθ + isinθ)]n = rn(cos(nθ + power instead
isinnθ) for any integer n 1
= 𝑚
𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
Use De Moivre’s theorem for a positive
We have just proved the theorem for number (which we have proved)
1
n = k where k is a positive integer =
𝑟𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜃 Multiply to change
some terms in the
 Now we need to show it is also 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜃 fraction
= ×
true for any negative integer… 𝑟𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜃 Multiply out like
quadratics – the bottom
is the difference of two
 If n is a negative integer, it can be = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜃 squares
written as ‘-m’, where m is a 𝑟 𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑚𝜃 − 𝑖 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑚𝜃
positive integer i2 = -1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜃
= 𝑚
You can see that 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑚𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑚𝜃
You can cancel the
the answer has denominator as it is equal to 1
1
followed the same = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜃
𝑟𝑚
pattern as De Use cos(-θ) = cos(θ)
Moivre’s theorem! and sin(-θ) = -sinθ
= 𝑟 −𝑚 cos −𝑚𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝑚𝜃)
3C

You need to be able to prove that 𝑛
[r(cosθ + isinθ)]n = rn(cos(nθ + 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃
isinnθ) for any integer n Sub in n = 0
0
𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑟 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛0
Left side = 1 as anything to
Having now proved that De Moivre’s the power 0 is 1
theorem works for both positive and 1 = 1(1 + 0)  You can find cos0 and
negative integers, there is only one sin 0 as well
‘Calculate’
left
1= 1
 We need to prove it is true for 0!
So we have shown that De Moivre’s Theorem is true for
all positive integers, all negative integers and 0’
 This is straightforward. As it is
just a single value, we can  It is therefore true for all integers!
substitute it in to see what
happens…
3C
𝑛
= 𝑟 𝑛 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃) 𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑛 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜃

You need to be able to prove that 𝑛
[r(cosθ + isinθ)]n = rn(cos(nθ + 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
isinnθ) for any integer n Both parts will be raised to
the power ‘n’
= 𝑟 𝑛 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜃
It is important to note that De
You can remove the bracket!
Moivre’s theorem can also be used in
exponential form. = 𝑟 𝑛 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜃
This is De Moivre’s theorem in exponential form!
3C
𝑛

5
9𝜋 9𝜋
You need to be able to prove that 𝑐𝑜𝑠
17
+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
17
[r(cosθ + isinθ)]n = rn(cos(nθ + 2𝜋 2𝜋 3
The denominator has to have the
isinnθ) for any integer n 𝑐𝑜𝑠
17
− 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
17 ‘+’ sign in the middle
9𝜋 9𝜋 5  Apply cos(-θ) = cosθ and sin(-θ)

Simplify the following: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 = -sinθ
17 17
5 3
9𝜋 9𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −
2𝜋
+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 −
2𝜋
Apply De Moivre’s theorem (there is no
𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 17 17
17 17 modulus value to worry about here!)
3  Just multiply the arguments by the
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 45𝜋 45𝜋 power
17 17 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
17 17
6𝜋 6𝜋 Apply the rules from 3B for the
𝑐𝑜𝑠 − + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 −
17 17 division of complex numbers
 Divide the moduli and
45𝜋 6𝜋 45𝜋 6𝜋 subtract the arguments
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −− + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 −−
17 17 17 17
Simplify the sin and cos terms
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜋 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜋
Calculate the sin
and cos terms
= −1 + 0𝑖
Simplify
= −1
3C
𝑛

y
You need to be able to prove that
[r(cosθ + isinθ)]n = rn(cos(nθ + Pay attention to the directions
isinnθ) for any integer n r
 The ‘x’ part is positive so
will go in the positive √3
Express the following in the form direction horizontally
θ x
x + iy where x Є R and y Є R 1
 The ‘y’ part is positive so
7 will go upwards
1 + 3𝑖
 You need to write this in one of 2 3

the forms above, and you can then 𝑟= 1 2 + 3 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
use De Moivre’s theorem Calculate
1 Inverse
Tan
𝑟=2 𝜋
𝜃=
 This is easier than raising a 3
bracket to the power 7!
𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
 Start with an argand diagram to Sub in r and θ
help find the modulus and 𝜋 𝜋
argument of the part in the 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
bracket 3 3
3C
𝑛

You need to be able to prove that 7
1 + 3𝑖
[r(cosθ + isinθ)]n = rn(cos(nθ + Rewrite using the
isinnθ) for any integer n different form we
𝜋 𝜋 7 worked out before
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
3 3
x + iy where x Є R and y Є R Use De Moivre’s
Theorem as above
7 7𝜋 7𝜋
1 + 3𝑖 27 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
3 3
Calculate the cos
 You need to write this in one of and sin parts
the forms above, and you can then 1 3
use De Moivre’s theorem = 128 +𝑖
2 2
Multiply out and simplify
 This is easier than raising a
bracket to the power 7! = 64 + 64 3𝑖
 Start with an argand diagram to

help find the modulus and
argument of the part in the
bracket
3C
𝑛
𝑎+𝑏 = 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏 2 + 𝑛𝐶3 𝑎𝑛−3 𝑏3 + … … … … + 𝑏 𝑛

𝑛
𝑎+𝑏
You can apply De Moivre’s theorem
to trigonometric identities
𝑎𝑛 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏 2 + 𝑛𝐶3 𝑎𝑛−3 𝑏3 + … … … … + 𝑏 𝑛
This involves changing expressions

involving a function of θ into one
without. Remember nCr is a function you can find on your calculator
 The first term has the full power of n

 For example changing a cos6θ
 As you move across you slowly swap the powers over to
into powers of cosθ
the second term until it has the full power of n
 You will need to use the binomial For example:

expansion for C2 in this section
4
𝑎+𝑏 Follow the
pattern above
𝑎4 + 4
𝐶1 𝑎3 𝑏 + 𝐶2 𝑎2 𝑏2 +
4
𝐶3 𝑎𝑏 3 + 𝑏 4
4
You can work
out the nCr
parts
𝑎4 + 4𝑎3 𝑏 + 6𝑎2 𝑏2 + 4𝑎𝑏 3 + 𝑏 4
3D
𝑛

3
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Express cos3θ using powers of cosθ.

 If we apply De Moivre’s theorem to this, we will end up
 This type of question involves with a ‘cos3θ’ term
making a comparison between
two processes  If we apply the binomial expansion to it, we will end up
with some terms with cosθ in
 One which will give you a ‘cos3θ’
term – you will use De Moivre’s  So this expression is a good starting point!
Theorem for this
 One which will give you an

expression in terms of cosθ –
you will use the binomial
expansion for this
 You have to think logically and

decide where to start
3D
𝑛

3
to trigonometric identities Apply De Moivre’s theorem
3
Express cos3θ using powers of cosθ. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Follow the rules you know
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃
 This type of question involves
making a comparison between
Apply the Binomial expansion
two processes
3
Write
 One which will give you a ‘cos3θ’ out
term – you will use De Moivre’s
3 3 2 3 2 3
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝐶2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Theorem for this ‘Tidy
3 2 2 2 3 3 up’
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 3𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 3𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Replace i2
 One which will give you an parts with -1
expression in terms of cosθ – = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 + 3𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃
The two expressions we have made must be equal
expansion for this  Therefore the real parts in each and the imaginary parts in each must
be the same
 Equate the real parts
decide where to start 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
3D
𝑛

You can apply De Moivre’s theorem 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
Replace sin2θ with an
expression in cos2θ
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
Express cos3θ using powers of cosθ. Expand the bracket
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃

 This type of question involves
Simplify
making a comparison between 3
two processes 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
 One which will give you a ‘cos3θ’

term – you will use De Moivre’s We have successfully expressed cos3θ
Theorem for this as posers of cosθ!
 One which will give you an

expression in terms of cosθ –
expansion for this

decide where to start
3D
𝑛

6
Express the following as powers of

cosθ:
 If we apply De Moivre’s theorem to this, we will end up
𝑠𝑖𝑛6𝜃 with a ‘sin6θ’ term
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
 If we apply the binomial expansion to it, we will end up
 So we need something that will with some terms with cosθ in
give us sin6θ using De Moivre’s
theorem  So this expression is a good starting point!
(and yes you will have to do some expansions larger than

 It also needs to give us terms of powers of 3 or 4!)
cosθ from the binomial
expansion
3D
𝑛

6
to trigonometric identities Apply De Moivre’s theorem
6
Express the following as powers of Follow the rules you know
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛6𝜃
cosθ:
𝑠𝑖𝑛6𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Apply the Binomial expansion
6
6 4 2 3 3 2 4 6
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 6𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 5 (𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) + 6𝐶2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 6𝐶3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 6𝐶4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 6𝐶5 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 5 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝜃 + 6𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 15𝑖 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 20𝑖 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 + 15𝑖 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 + 6𝑖 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃 + 𝑖 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝜃 Replace terms:
i2 and i6 = -1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝜃 + 6𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 15𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 20𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 + 15𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 + 6𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝜃 i4 = 1
So the two expressions created from De Moivre and the Binomial Expansion must be equal
 The real parts will be the same, as will the imaginary parts
 This time we have to equate the imaginary parts as this has sin6θ in
𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛6𝜃 = 6𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 20𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 + 6𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃

Divide all by i
5 3 3 5
𝑠𝑖𝑛6𝜃 = 6𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 20𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
3D
𝑛

6
to trigonometric identities 𝑠𝑖𝑛6𝜃 = 6𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 20𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 + 6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃
Express the following as powers of

cosθ: So we have changed the expression
we were given into powers of cosθ!
𝑠𝑖𝑛6𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2 4
𝑠𝑖𝑛6𝜃 6𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 20𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃
5 3 3
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Divide all terms by sinθ
= 6𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 − 20𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃
Replace sin2θ terms with (1 – cos2θ) terms
= 6𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 − 20𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 2
Expand the first bracket,
square the second
= 6𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 − 20𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 + 20𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 + 6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃
Expand the second bracket
5 3 5
= 6𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 20𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 + 20𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 + 6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 12𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 6𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
Group together the like terms
= 32𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 − 32𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 + 6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
3D
1
𝑧+ = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑧

You can apply De Moivre’s theorem Let: 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Write as ‘1 over’ 
to trigonometric identities or with a power of -1
1 −1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑧
You also need to be able to work this Use De Moivre’s
type of question in a different way: theorem
1
= cos(−𝜃) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝜃)
𝑧
For example, you might have a power Use cos(-θ) = cosθ
or cos or sin and need to express it 1 and sin(-θ) = -sinθ
using several linear terms instead = cos 𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑧
Eg) Changing sin6θ to sinaθ + sinbθ

We can add our two results together:
where a and b are integers
1
 To do this we need to know some 𝑧+
𝑧
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
other patterns first! Simplify
1
𝑧 + = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑧
3D
1 1
𝑧+ = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑧− = 2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑧 𝑧

You can apply De Moivre’s theorem Let: 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1 −1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑧
1
= cos(−𝜃) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝜃)
𝑧
or cos or sin and need to express it 1 and sin(-θ) = -sinθ
using several linear terms instead = cos 𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑧

We could also subtract our two results:
1
 To do this we need to know some 𝑧−
𝑧
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1
𝑧 − = 2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑧
3D
1 1 1
𝑧+ = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑧− = 2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑧𝑛 + = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧𝑛

You can apply De Moivre’s theorem Let: 𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃
1 −1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃
𝑧𝑛
1
= cos(−𝑛𝜃) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝑛𝜃)
𝑧𝑛
or cos or sin and need to express it and sin(-θ) = -sinθ
1
using several linear terms instead = cos 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃
𝑧𝑛

We could add our two results together:
1
 To do this we need to know some 𝑧𝑛 + = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃
𝑧𝑛
1
𝑧 𝑛 + 𝑛 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃
 You can also apply the rules we 𝑧
just saw to powers of z
3D
1 1 1 1
𝑧+ = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑧− = 2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑧𝑛 + = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 𝑧𝑛 − = 2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧𝑛 𝑧𝑛

You can apply De Moivre’s theorem Let: 𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃
1 −1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃
𝑧𝑛
1
= cos(−𝑛𝜃) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝑛𝜃)
𝑧𝑛
or cos or sin and need to express it and sin(-θ) = -sinθ
1
using several linear terms instead = cos 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃
𝑧𝑛

We could also subtract our two results:
1
 To do this we need to know some 𝑧𝑛 − = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃
𝑧𝑛
1
𝑧 𝑛 − 𝑛 = 2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃
 You can also apply the rules we 𝑧
just saw to powers of z
3D
1 1 1 1

Using the
Creating a cos5θ term Identity above
to trigonometric identities 1
5
5
𝑧+ = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 32𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃
𝑧
Let’s now see how we can use these
‘patterns’ in solving problems:
Creating the other cos terms – use the Binomial expansion!
5
Express cos5θ in the form 𝑧+
1
𝑧 Use the
acos5θ + bcos3θ + ccosθ
2 3 4 5 B.E.
5
1 1 2
1 1 1
= 𝑧 + 5𝑧 4
+ 10𝑧 3 + 10𝑧 + 5𝑧 +
Where a, b and c are constants to be 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 Cancel 𝑧 𝑧
found. some z
= 𝑧 5 + 5𝑧 3 + 10𝑧 + 10
1 1 1
+5 3 + 5
terms
𝑧 𝑧
𝑧 Group up terms
 When working this way round you with the same
need to use the identities above to 1 1 1 power
express both cos5θ and terms = 𝑧 5 + 5 + 5 𝑧 3 + 3 + 10 𝑧 +
with cos5θ, cos3θ and cosθ.
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 Rewrite using an
identity above
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝜃 + 5(2𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃) + 10(2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
 You can then set the expressions Simplify
equal to each other = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝜃 + 10𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 + 20𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
3D
1 1 1 1

Using the two expressions
5 These two
𝑧+ = 32𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 expressions must
𝑧
Let’s now see how we can use these be equal to each
‘patterns’ in solving problems: 5 other
1
𝑧+ = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝜃 + 10𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 + 20𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑧
Express cos5θ in the form
acos5θ + bcos3θ + ccosθ
32𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝜃 + 10𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 + 20𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Where a, b and c are constants to be Divide both
found. 1 5 5 sides by 32
𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
16 16 8
 When working this way round you
need to use the identities above to
express both cos5θ and terms So we have written cos5θ using
with cos5θ, cos3θ and cosθ. cos5θ, cos3θ and cosθ
 You can then set the expressions

equal to each other
3D
1 1 1 1

Using the
Creating a sin3θ term Identity above
3
3
𝑧− = 2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 8𝑖 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 = −8𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃
𝑧
Show that:
1 3 Creating the other sin terms – use the Binomial expansion!
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
4 4 1
3
𝑧−
𝑧 Use the
 This is similar to the previous 2 3 B.E.
question. You need to use rules above 3
= 𝑧 + 3𝑧 2
−
1
+ 3𝑧 −
1
+ −
1
to find a way to create a sin3θ 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 Cancel
expression, and an expression some z
containing sin3θ and sinθ = 𝑧 3 − 3𝑧 + 3
1
−
1
terms
𝑧 𝑧3
Group up terms with
1 1 the same power
= 𝑧3 − − 3 𝑧 −
𝑧3 𝑧
Rewrite using an
identity above
= 2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃 − 3(2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
Simplify
= 2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃 − 6𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
3D
1 1 1 1

3 These two
𝑧− = −8𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 expressions must
𝑧
Show that: be equal to each
1
3 other
1 3 𝑧− = 2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃 − 6𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑧
4 4
 This is similar to the previous
question. You need to use rules above
−8𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 = 2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃 − 6𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
to find a way to create a sin3θ
Divide both
expression, and an expression
sides by i
containing sin3θ and sinθ −8𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃 − 6𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Divide both
1 3 sides by -8
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
4 4
So we have written sin3θ using

sin3θ and sinθ!
3D
1 1 1 1

Using the
Creating a sin4θ term Identity above
4
𝑧− = 2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 4
= 16𝑖 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 = 16𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃
𝑧
a) Express sin4θ in the form:
𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃 + 𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝑓 Creating the cos terms – use the Binomial expansion!
4
1
Where d, e and f are constants to be 𝑧−
𝑧 Use the
found.
2 3
1
4 B.E.
1 1 1
4
= 𝑧 + 4𝑧 3
− + 6𝑧 2 − + 4𝑧 − + −
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
b) Hence, find the exact value of the Cancel some
following integral: z terms
1 1
𝜋 = 𝑧 4 − 4𝑧 2 + 6 − 4 +
𝑧2 𝑧4 Group up terms with the same
2
4 power (use positive values in the
න 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
brackets so we get cos terms)
0 1 1
= 𝑧4 + 4 − 4 𝑧2 + 2 + 6
𝑧 𝑧
Replace using an
 Start exactly as with the previous identity above
questions, by finding an expression = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃 − 4(2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃) + 6
with sin4θ and one with cos4θ, cos2θ Simplify
and a number = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃 − 8𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 6
3D
1 1 1 1

4 These two
𝑧− = 16𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 expressions must
𝑧
a) Express sin4θ in the form: be equal to each
1
4 other
𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃 + 𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝑓 𝑧− = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃 − 8𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 6
𝑧
Where d, e and f are constants to be
found.
16𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃 − 8𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 6
b) Hence, find the exact value of the Divide both
following integral: sides by 16
1 1 3
𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 +
2 8 2 8
න 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0
So we have written sin4θ using

 Start exactly as with the previous cos4θ and cos2θ!
questions, by finding an expression
with sin4θ and one with cos4θ, cos2θ
and a number
3D
1 1 1 1
Further complex numbers Cosine Integrals

(in C4)
1 1 3 1
You can apply De Moivre’s theorem 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + න 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝜃
8 2 8 4
𝜋 1
2 න 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
a) Express sin4θ in the form: න 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 2
0
𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃 + 𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝑓 Replace with
an equivalent
𝜋 expression
Where d, e and f are constants to be 2 1 1 3
found. න 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝑑𝜃
0 8 2 8
Integrate each term with
respect to θ, using
b) Hence, find the exact value of the 𝜋
1 1 3 knowledge from C4
following integral: = 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 + 𝜃
2
32 4 8 0
𝜋 Sub in
2 limits
න 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 1 𝜋 1 𝜋 3 𝜋 1 1 3
0 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 + − 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 0 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 0 + 0
32 2 4 2 8 2 32 4 8
Work
out
 Start exactly as with the previous 3
= 𝜋
questions, by finding an expression 16
with sin4θ and one with cos4θ, cos2θ
and a number
3D
𝐼𝑓: 𝑧 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛: 𝑧 = 𝑟 cos(𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋)

𝑛
𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) = 𝑟 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃
You can use De Moivre’s theorem to find

the nth roots of a complex number
You already know how to find real roots of a

number, but now we need to find both real
roots and imaginary roots!
We need to apply the following results:
1) If: 𝑧 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
 Then: 𝑧 = 𝑟 cos(𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋)

where k is an integer
This is because we can add multiples of 2π

to the argument as it will end up in the same
place (2π = 360º)
2) De Moivre’s theorem
𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃
3E

𝑛
𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) = 𝑟 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃 y
In this case the
You can use De Moivre’s theorem to find modulus and
the nth roots of a complex number argument are simple
to find!
Solve the equation z3 = 1 and represent your 1
solutions on an Argand diagram. 𝑟=1 x
𝜃=0
 First you need to express z in the
modulus-argument form. Use an Argand
diagram.
𝑧 3 = 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛0
 Now we know r and θ we can set equal z3 Apply the rule
to this expression, when written in the above
𝑧 3 = cos(0 + 2𝑘𝜋) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(0 + 2𝑘𝜋)
modulus-argument form
Cube root (use a
1 relevant power)
 We can then find an expression for z in 𝑧 = cos 0 + 2𝑘𝜋 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(0 + 2𝑘𝜋) 3
Apply De
terms of k Moivre’s
0 + 2𝑘𝜋 0 + 2𝑘𝜋 theorem
 We can then solve this to find the roots
𝑧 = cos + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
3 3
of the equation above
3E

𝑛
0 + 2𝑘𝜋 0 + 2𝑘𝜋
𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
You can use De Moivre’s theorem to find 3 3
k=0
Solve the equation z3 = 1 and represent your 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 0 Sub k = 0 in and
solutions on an Argand diagram. calculate the cosine
𝑧=1 and sine parts
 We now just need to choose different
values for k until we have found all the k=1
roots 2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
3 3 Sub k = 1 in and
 The values of k you choose should keep calculate the cosine
the argument within the range: 1 3 and sine parts
𝑧 =− +𝑖
-π < θ ≤ π 2 2
So the roots of z3 = 1 are: k = -1

2𝜋 2𝜋 Sub k = -1 in and
1 3 1 3
𝑧 = 1, − + 𝑖 and − − 𝑖 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 − calculate the cosine
2 2 2 2 3 3
and sine parts
 (k = 2 would cause
1 3 the argument to be
𝑧 =− −𝑖
2 2 outside the range)
3E

𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝑛
= 𝑟 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃 y

𝟏 𝟑
− +𝒊
𝟐 𝟐
Solve the equation z3 = 1 and represent your
solutions on an Argand diagram.
2
𝜋
3 𝟏
 We now just need to choose different 2
𝜋 x
3
values for k until we have found all the 2
roots 3
𝜋
 The values of k you choose should keep 𝟏 𝟑

the argument within the range: − −𝒊
𝟐 𝟐
-π < θ ≤ π
So the roots of z3 = 1 are:

 The solutions will all the same distance from the origin
1 3 1 3
𝑧 = 1, − + 𝑖 and − − 𝑖
2 2 2 2  The angles between them will also be the same
 The sum of the roots is always equal to 0
3E

𝑛
𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) = 𝑟 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃 y
Find the modulus
You can use De Moivre’s theorem to find and argument
2 r
2 𝑟=4
𝑟= 2 + 2 3 2√3
Solve the equation z4 - 2√3i = 2 θ
2 3 𝜋 x
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
𝜃= 2
Give your answers in both the modulus- 2 3
argument and exponential forms.
By rearranging…
𝜋 𝜋
z4 = 2 + 2√3i 𝑧 4 = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
3 3 Apply the rule
𝜋 𝜋 above
 As before, use an argand diagram to 𝑧 4 = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 2𝑘𝜋 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 2𝑘𝜋
express the equation in the modulus- 3 3 Take the 4th
argument form 1 root of each
𝜋 𝜋
+ 2𝑘𝜋 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 2𝑘𝜋
4
side
3 3
 Then choose values of k until you have De Moivre’s
𝜋 𝜋
found all the solutions 1 + 2𝑘𝜋 + 2𝑘𝜋 Theorem
𝑧 = 44 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 3
4 4 Work out the
𝜋 𝜋 power at the
+ 2𝑘𝜋 + 2𝑘𝜋
𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 front
4 4
3E

𝑛
𝜋 𝜋
You can use De Moivre’s theorem to find 𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 Sub k = 0 in and
the nth roots of a complex number k=0
4 4
simplify (you can
𝜋
+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋 leave in this form)
Solve the equation z4 - 2√3i = 2 12 12
𝜋 𝜋
+ 2𝜋 + 2𝜋
Give your answers in both the modulus- 𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 3
4 4
argument and exponential forms. k=1
7𝜋 7𝜋
12 12
By rearranging…
z4 = 2 + 2√3i Choose
𝜋 𝜋
− 2𝜋 − 2𝜋 values of k
𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 3
k = -1 4 4 that keep
 As before, use an argand diagram to the argument
express the equation in the modulus- 𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −
5𝜋
+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 −
5𝜋
between –π
argument form 12 12
and π
𝜋 𝜋
− 2𝜋 − 2𝜋
 Then choose values of k until you have 𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 3
4 4
found all the solutions k = -2
𝜋 𝜋 11𝜋 11𝜋
+ 2𝑘𝜋 + 2𝑘𝜋 𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 −
𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 12 12
4 4
3E

𝑛
Solutions in the modulus-argument form
the nth roots of a complex number 𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋
𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 −
12 12 12 12
Solve the equation z4 - 2√3i = 2 7𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋 11𝜋
𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 −
12 12 12 12
Give your answers in both the modulus-
argument and exponential forms.
Solutions in the exponential form
𝜋 5𝜋
By rearranging… 𝑧= 2𝑒 𝑖
12 − 𝑖
𝑧= 2𝑒 12
z4 = 2 + 2√3i
7𝜋 11𝜋
𝑧= 2𝑒 12 𝑖 𝑧= 2𝑒 − 12 𝑖
 As before, use an argand diagram to
express the equation in the modulus-
argument form
 Then choose values of k until you have

found all the solutions
𝜋 𝜋
+ 2𝑘𝜋 + 2𝑘𝜋
𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 3
4 4
3E
You can use complex numbers to x
represent a locus of points on an
Argand diagram The locus of points a
x
given distance from a
O
point O is a circle x
A locus a set of points which obey a
rule
 You will need to be able to

understand Loci based on Argand
diagrams
A
The locus of points
equidistant from two
fixed points A and B is
the perpendicular B
bisector of line AB
3F
Is the distance between the variable point z and the fixed
𝑧 − 𝑧1 point z1 when they are represented on a Argand diagram

y
You can use complex numbers to P(x,y)

Argand diagram
z = x + iy represents a variable point z - z1

P(x,y) on an Argand diagram
z
z1 = x1 + iy1 represents a fixed point A(x1,y1)

A(x1,y1) on an Argand diagram
What is represented by: z1
𝑧 − 𝑧1 x
 It represents the distance between

If we want to get from the fixed point A to the variable point
the fixed point A(x1,y1) and the
P, we need to travel back along z1 and then out along z
variable point P(x,y)
(-z1 + z)
 This can be written as a vector, z – z1

 So |z – z1| represents the distance between the fixed point
and the variable point!
3F

y
You can use complex numbers to

represent a locus of points on an P(x,y)
Argand diagram
If: A(5,3)
𝑧 − 5 − 3𝑖 = 3
x
Sketch the locus of P(x,y) which is
represented by z on an Argand
diagram
𝑧 − 5 − 3𝑖 = 3
𝑧 − (5 + 3𝑖) = 3
So we want the locus

Leave z as it is Put this part in a where the distance This will be a circle
– this is the bracket between the variable of radius 3 units,
variable point - This is the fixed
point point z and the fixed centre (5,3)
point (5,3) is equal to 3
3F

𝐼𝑓: 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛: 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
y
P(x,y)
Argand diagram
If:
|z|
𝑧 − 5 − 3𝑖 = 3 y
Use an algebraic method to find a

Cartesian equation of the locus of z x
x
 So you have to do this without
using the graph you drew
 We will quickly remind ourselves of

something that will be useful for
this!
If: 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 (By Pythagoras’ Theorem)
Then: 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
3F

Argand diagram 𝑧 − 5 − 3𝑖 = 3
Replace z with
‘x + iy’
If: 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 5 − 3𝑖 = 3
𝑧 − 5 − 3𝑖 = 3 Group the real and
imaginary terms
𝑥 − 5 + 𝑖(𝑦 − 3) = 3
Use an algebraic method to find a Use the rule above to
Cartesian equation of the locus of z remove the modulus
𝑥−5 2 + 𝑦−3 2 =3
 Now we can find the equation of Square both sides
the locus algebraically… 2
(𝑥 − 5) + 𝑦 − 3 2
=9
You (hopefully) recognise that this is

the equation of a circle, radius 3 and
with centre (5,3)!
3F

Argand diagram
As a general rule, the locus of:

𝑧 − 𝑧1 = 𝑟
is a circle of radius r and centre (x1,y1) where z1 = x1 + iy1
3F

𝑧 − 𝑧1 = 𝑟  Circle radius r and centre (x1,y1)

Argand diagram
Give a geometrical interpretation of

each of the following loci of z:
a) 𝑧 − 3𝑖 = 4 d) 2 − 5𝑖 − 𝑧 = 3 ‘Factorise’ the part

inside the modulus
 Circle, centre (0,3) radius 4 (−1)(−2 + 5𝑖 + 𝑧) = 3 You can write this as
2 moduli multiplied
−1 𝑧 − 2 + 5𝑖 = 3
|-1| = 1, put the ‘fixed’ part
b) 𝑧 − (2 + 3𝑖) = 5 𝑧 − (2 − 5𝑖) = 3 in a bracket
 Circle, centre (2,3) radius 5

 Circle, centre (2,-5) radius 3
c) 𝑧 + 3 − 5𝑖 = 2 Put the Effectively for d), you just swap the signs of
‘fixed’ part everything in the modulus, its value will not change
𝑧 − (−3 + 5𝑖) = 2 in a bracket
 |10 - 8| = |-10 + 8|
 Circle, centre (-3,5) radius 2
3F

This is the distance of P(x,y)
You can use complex numbers to 𝑧 from the origin (0,0)
Argand diagram
𝑧 − 6𝑖
This is the distance of
P(x,y) from (0,6)
Sketch the locus of P(x,y) which is 𝑧 − (6𝑖)
represented by z on an Argand y
diagram, if:
𝑧 = 𝑧 − 6𝑖
(0,6)
 We therefore need the set of
points that are the same distance
from (0,0) and (0,6) y=3
 This will be the bisector of the x

line joining the two co-ordinates (0,0)
 You can see that it is the line with

equation y = 3
3F

Argand diagram 𝑧 = 𝑧 − 6𝑖
Replace z with x + iy
Sketch the locus of P(x,y) which is 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 6𝑖
Factorise the ‘i’ terms
represented by z on an Argand on the right side
diagram, if: 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑖(𝑦 − 6)
Use the rule above to remove
𝑧 = 𝑧 − 6𝑖 the moduli
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦 − 6 2
 Show that the locus is y = 3 using Square both sides
an algebraic method
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦 − 6 2
Expand the bracket

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 12𝑦 + 36
Cancel terms on
each side
0 = −12𝑦 + 36
Add 12y
12𝑦 = 36
Divide by 12
𝑦=3
3F

Argand diagram 𝑧−3 = 𝑧+𝑖
Replace z with x + iy
a) Use an algebraic method to find 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 3 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑖
the Cartesian equation of the Group real and
locus of z if: imaginary parts
𝑥 − 3 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑖(𝑦 + 1)
𝑧−3 = 𝑧+𝑖 Use the rule above to
remove the moduli
𝑥−3 2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦 + 1 2
𝒚 = −𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒 Square both sides
2 2 2 2
𝑥−3 +𝑦 =𝑥 + 𝑦+1
b) Represent the locus of z on an
Expand brackets
Argand diagram
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1
Cancel terms
−6𝑥 + 9 = 2𝑦 + 1
Subtract 1
−6𝑥 + 8 = 2𝑦
Divide by 2
−3𝑥 + 4 = 𝑦
3F

represent a locus of points on an y
Argand diagram
(0,4)
a) Use an algebraic method to find
the Cartesian equation of the
locus of z if:
𝑧−3 = 𝑧+𝑖
𝒚 = −𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒 x
(3,0)
b) Represent the locus of z on an (0,-1)

Argand diagram
𝑧−3 = 𝑧+𝑖
y = -3x + 4
Distance Distance
from (3,0) from (0,-1)
3F

represent a locus of points on an 𝑧 − 6 = 2 𝑧 + 6 − 9𝑖
Argand diagram Replace z with ‘x + iy’
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 6 = 2 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 6 − 9𝑖
Group real and
If: imaginary parts
𝑥 − 6 + 𝑖𝑦 = 2 𝑥 + 6 + 𝑖(𝑦 − 9)
𝑧 − 6 = 2 𝑧 + 6 − 9𝑖 Replace the moduli
2
using the rule above
𝑥−6 + 𝑦2 = 2 𝑥+6 2 + 𝑦−9 2
a) Use algebra to show that the locus Square both sides

(remember the ‘2’)
of z is a circle, stating its centre 𝑥−6 2
+ 𝑦2 = 4 𝑥 + 6 2
+ 𝑦−9 2
Expand some
and radius brackets
𝟐 𝟐 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 36 + 𝑦 2 = 4 𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 36 + 𝑦 2 − 18𝑦 + 81
𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎 + 𝒚 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 Expand another
bracket
Circle, centre (-10,12) and radius 10 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 36 + 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 2 + 48𝑥 + 144 + 4𝑦 2 − 72𝑦 + 324
Group all terms
on one side
0 = 3𝑥 2 + 60𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 − 72𝑦 + 432
b) Sketch the locus of z on an Argand Divide by 3
diagram 0 = 𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 24𝑦 + 144
Completing
2 2 2 2 the square
0 = 𝑥 + 10 − 10 + 𝑦 − 12 − 12 + 144
Simplify
2 2
0 = 𝑥 + 10 + 𝑦 − 12 − 100
Add 100
2 2
100 = 𝑥 + 10 + 𝑦 − 12
3F

y
The circle shows the set
of points that are twice
as far from (6,0) as they
represent a locus of points on an (-10,12) are from (-6,9)!
Argand diagram
If: (-6,9)
𝑧 − 6 = 2 𝑧 + 6 − 9𝑖
P(x,y)
a) Use algebra to show that the locus
x
of z is a circle, stating its centre
(6,0)
and radius
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎 + 𝒚 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Circle, centre (-10,12) and radius 10
b) Sketch the locus of z on an Argand

diagram
𝑧 − 6 = 2 𝑧 + 6 − 9𝑖
The distance Is equal Twice the distance

from (6,0) to from (-6,9)
3F

You can use complex numbers to Therefore:
Argand diagram When 𝑧 − 𝑧1 = 𝑎 𝑧 − 𝑧2
 An Algebraic method will most likely be the best

If: way to find the equation of the locus of z
𝑧 − 6 = 2 𝑧 + 6 − 9𝑖
 You will probably have to use completing the
a) Use algebra to show that the locus square (sometimes with fractions as well!)
of z is a circle, stating its centre
and radius
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎 + 𝒚 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Circle, centre (-10,12) and radius 10
b) Sketch the locus of z on an Argand

diagram
3F
y

The line is not extended
Argand diagram
back downwards
If:  It is known as a ‘half-

𝜋 line’
𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑧 =
4
𝝅
Sketch the locus of P(x,y) which is 𝟒 x
diagram. Then find the Cartesian
equation of this locus algebraically.
 The locus will be the set of points

which start at (0,0) and make an
argument of π/4 with the positive x-
axis
3F
y

Argand diagram y
𝝅
𝟒
x
If: x
𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑧 =
4
Sketch the locus of P(x,y) which is 𝜋
represented by z on an Argand 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑧 =
4
diagram. Then find the Cartesian Replace z with ‘x + iy’
equation of this locus algebraically. 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) =
𝜋
4 The value of the argument
is tan-1(opposite/adjacent)
 The locus will be the set of points 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1
𝑦
=
𝜋
which start at (0,0) and make an 𝑥 4
‘Normal tan’
argument of π/4 with the positive x- 𝑦 𝜋
axis 𝑥
= 𝑇𝑎𝑛
4
Calculate the tan part
𝑦
=1
𝑥
Multiply by x
𝑦=𝑥 (x > 0)
3F
y

Argand diagram 𝝅
(2,0) 𝟑
x
If:
𝜋
arg(𝑧 − 2) =
3
Sketch the locus of P(x,y) which is
diagram. Then find the Cartesian
equation of this locus algebraically.
 The locus will be the set of values

that, when we subtract 2 from
them, make an angle of π/3 with
the origin
 The locus must therefore start at

(2,0) rather than (0,0)!
3F
y

represent a locus of points on an y
Argand diagram 𝝅
(2,0) 𝟑
x
If: x-2
𝜋
arg(𝑧 − 2) =
3
Sketch the locus of P(x,y) which is arg(𝑧 − 2) =
𝜋
represented by z on an Argand 3
diagram. Then find the Cartesian Replace z with ‘x + iy’
𝜋
equation of this locus algebraically. 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 2) =
𝑦 𝜋
 The locus will be the set of values 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 =
𝑥−2 3
that, when we subtract 2 from ‘Normal tan’
them, make an angle of π/3 with 𝑦
= 𝑇𝑎𝑛
𝜋
the origin 𝑥−2 3
𝑦
= 3
 The locus must therefore start at 𝑥−2
(2,0) rather than (0,0)! Multiply by (x – 2)
𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 2 3 (x > 2)
3F
y

Argand diagram
x
If: 𝟑𝝅
𝟒
3𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧 + 3 + 2𝑖) = (-3,-2)
4
Sketch the locus of z on an Argand

diagram and use an algebraic method
to find the equation of the line.
 When we add 3 and 2i to z, the

argument from (0,0) and the
positive x-axis will be 3π/4
 So the line will have to start at

(-3,-2)
3F
y

Argand diagram
y+2
x
If: 𝟑𝝅
𝟒
3𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧 + 3 + 2𝑖) = x + 3 (-3,-2)
4
3𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧 + 3 + 2𝑖) =
Sketch the locus of z on an Argand 4
Replace z with ‘x + iy’
diagram and use an algebraic method 3𝜋
to find the equation of the line. 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 3 + 2𝑖) =
𝑦+2 3𝜋
 When we add 3 and 2i to z, the 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 =
𝑥+3 4 ‘Normal tan’
argument from (0,0) and the
positive x-axis will be 3π/4 𝑦+2
= 𝑇𝑎𝑛
3𝜋
𝑥+3 4
 So the line will have to start at 𝑦+2
= −1
(-3,-2) 𝑥+3
Multiply by (x + 3)
𝑦 + 2 = −𝑥 − 3
Subtract 2 (x < -3)
𝑦 = −𝑥 −5
3F
Argand diagram
So therefore:
𝑎𝑟𝑔 𝑧 − 𝑧1 = 𝜃
Is represented by a half line starting

at z1 and making an angle of θ with a
line parallel to the x-axis
3F
Joining the ends of a chord to different points on the
You can use complex numbers to circumference will always create the same angle, if the
represent a locus of points on an points are in the same sector
Argand diagram “Angles in the same sector are equal”
For the next set of Loci, you need to remember some rules relating to circles
Major arc – θ is acute Minor arc – θ is obtuse Semi-circle – θ is 90°
θ
θ
x
θ θ A B θ
θ
A B
2x
A B
A B
If they are joined to a If they are joined to a point If the chord is the  The angle at the
point on the major arc on the minor arc diameter of the circle centre is twice the angle
at the circumference
 The angle will be acute  The angle will be obtuse  The angle will be 90°
3F
Argand diagram
If:
𝑧−6 𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔 =
𝑧−2 4
a) Sketch the locus of P(x,y), which

is represented by z on an Argand
diagram
 The argument above can be

rewritten using this rule:
𝑧1
𝑎𝑟𝑔 = 𝑎𝑟𝑔 𝑧1 − 𝑎𝑟𝑔 𝑧2
𝑧2
𝑧−6 𝜋 𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔 = 𝑎𝑟𝑔 𝑧 − 6 − 𝑎𝑟𝑔 𝑧 − 2 =
𝑧−2 4 4
So what we are doing is drawing the locus of
points where the difference between these
arguments is π/4
3F
y
arg(z – 6) = θ1

represent a locus of points on an arg(z – 2) = θ2
Argand diagram
If: θ2
This angle must
𝑧−6 𝜋 θ1 therefore be θ1 – θ2,
𝑎𝑟𝑔 = the difference
𝑧−2 4
between the
arguments!
diagram θ2 θ1
𝜋 (6,0) x
𝑎𝑟𝑔 𝑧 − 6 − 𝑎𝑟𝑔 𝑧 − 2 = (2,0)
4
So what we are doing is drawing the locus
 Imagine drawing both arguments – we will use θ1 and θ2 to represent
of points where the difference between
their values
these arguments is π/4
 Using alternate angles, we can show the angle between the
However, there are more arguments is their difference
points that satisfy this rule!
 We want this difference to be π/4
3F
y

Argand diagram
If:
π/
𝑧−6 𝜋 4
𝑎𝑟𝑔 =
𝑧−2 4
π/
4
is represented by z on an Argand θ1
θ2
diagram θ2 θ1
𝜋 (6,0) x
𝑎𝑟𝑔 𝑧 − 6 − 𝑎𝑟𝑔 𝑧 − 2 = (2,0)
4
So what we are doing is drawing the locus
 If we move the point where the lines cross along the major arc of a
of points where the difference between
circle, then the value of π/4 will remain the same
these arguments is π/4
 The arguments will change but this doesn’t matter, it is the
Geogebra difference that matters!
Example  So the locus of a difference between arguments is always given by

an arc of a circle
3F
y
“The angle at the centre
is twice the angle at the
You can use complex numbers to circumference”
Argand diagram
π/
4
If:
𝑧−6 𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔 =
𝑧−2 4
π/
a) Sketch the locus of P(x,y), which 2
diagram
(6,0) x
(2,0)
b) Find the Cartesian equation of this
locus
We can use this isosceles triangle to find the
information we need…
We need the centre of the ‘circle’ and
its radius Centre
Radius
 We need to use another of the Radius
rules we saw:
3F
You can use complex numbers to Centre
represent a locus of points on an Radius
Argand diagram Radius
If:
(4,2)
𝑧−6 𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔 =
𝑧−2 4 π/
4
2
is represented by z on an Argand π/
4
diagram
(2,0) 2 (4,0) (6,0)
b) Find the Cartesian equation of this  Split the triangle in the middle, the smaller angles will both be
locus π/ (45ᵒ) (because the top angle was π/ )
4 2
 The middle of the base will be (4,0), and you can work out the
We need the centre of the ‘circle’ and side lengths from this
its radius
 The top will therefore be at (4,2)
Centre (4,2) Radius 2√2
 Use Pythagoras’ Theorem to find the diagonal (the radius)
3F
y

Argand diagram
π/
4
If:
𝑧−6 𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔 =
𝑧−2 4

diagram
(6,0) x
(2,0)
b) Find the Cartesian equation of this
locus
The locus is therefore the arc of a circle with the
We need the centre of the ‘circle’ and following equation:
its radius 2 2
𝑥−4 + 𝑦−2 =8
Centre (4,2) Radius 2√2
𝑦>0
3F
Argand diagram
Generally, for this type of question,

you need to follow 3 steps:
Step 1: Mark on the Argand diagram

the two points where the arguments
start
Step 2: Decide whether the arc is

going to be major, minor, or a semi-
circle, by considering the angle If the value we want is positive, then θ1 > θ2
Step 3: Draw the arc between the If the value we want is negative, then θ2 > θ1
points. You always draw from the
numerator point to the denominator
point Drawing in the direction indicated in step 3 means
 Anti-clockwise if θ is positive you will ensure the arguments are correct to give a
 Clockwise if θ is negative positive or negative answer
 As we do some examples we will refer to this!
3F
You can use complex numbers to Sketch the locus of P(x,y) on an Argand diagram if:
represent a locus of points on an 𝑧 𝜋
Argand diagram 𝑎𝑟𝑔 =
𝑧 − 4𝑖 2
y
you need to follow 3 steps: (0,4)

the two points where the arguments (0,0) and (0,4)
start
Step 2: Decide whether the arc is The angle to

going to be major, minor, or a semi- make is π/2 (0,0) x
circle, by considering the angle  A semi-circle
Step 3: Draw the arc between the

points. You always draw from the Θ is positive, so draw
numerator point to the denominator anti-clockwise from (0,0)
point (numerator point) to
 Anti-clockwise if θ is positive (0,4) (denominator point)
 Clockwise if θ is negative
3F
You can use complex numbers to  In step 3 we had to choose whether to draw the diagram clockwise or
represent a locus of points on an anti-clockwise from the numerator point to the denominator point
Argand diagram
 Lets show why this is correct!
y y
(0,4) (0,4)
θ2
θ2 θ2
θ2
θ1
θ1
θ1 θ1
(0,0) x (0,0) x
 We drew the angle anti-  However, as θ2 is  If we drew the arc  However, as θ2 is

clockwise from (0,0) to actually negative, the the other way - actually negative, the sum
(0,4) sum is really θ1 + (-θ2) clockwise from (0.0) is really θ1 + (-θ2)
to (0,4)
 Using the alternate = θ1 – θ2 = θ1 – θ2
angles, the angle between  Using the alternate
angles, the on the  But of course it is on
the arguments is θ1 + θ2  This angle is therefore
outside is θ1 + θ2 the wrong side of the
what we were wanting!
arc so we do not want
this part of the circle!
Basically, always use the rule in step 3!
3F
You can use complex numbers to Sketch the locus of P(x,y) on an Argand diagram if:
represent a locus of points on an 𝑧 + 3𝑖 𝜋
Argand diagram 𝑎𝑟𝑔 =
𝑧−2 3
y
you need to follow 3 steps:

the two points where the arguments (0,-3) and (0,2)
start
Step 2: Decide whether the arc is The angle to (0,2)

going to be major, minor, or a semi- make is π/3 x
circle, by considering the angle  A major arc
Step 3: Draw the arc between the

points. You always draw from the Θ is positive, so draw anti- (0,-3)
numerator point to the denominator clockwise from (0,-3)
point (numerator point) to (0,2)
 Anti-clockwise if θ is positive (denominator point)
 Clockwise if θ is negative
3F
Further complex numbers y

Argand diagram
3
Given that the complex number
z = x + iy satisfies the equation: 3
(12,5)
𝑧 − 12 − 5𝑖 = 3
13
Find the minimum and maximum values
of |z|
x
 Start by drawing this on an
 The smallest and largest values for |z| will be on the same straight line
Argand diagram
through the circle’s centre
 It is a circle, centre (12,5) radius  You can mark the size of the radius on the diagram
3 units
 Find the distance from (0,0) to (12,5), then add/subtract 3 to find the
largest and smallest values
52 + 122 = 13
 So the largest value of |z| will be 16 and the smallest will be 10
3F

represent regions on a Argand diagram
This is very similar to what you have (4,2)

been doing with loci
The only extra part is that once you

have drawn the locus representing the x
point, you need to indicate the area
required
Shade on an Argand diagram the region

indicated by:
𝑧 − 4 − 2𝑖 ≤ 2
The region we want is where the absolute value of z is
less than 2
 Start with a circle, centre (4,2) and
radius 2 units (as 2 is the ‘limit’)  This will be the region inside the circle
3G

This is very similar to what you have


have drawn the locus representing the (4,0) (6,0) x
required

indicated by:
𝑧−4 < 𝑧−6
𝑧−4 < 𝑧−6
 Start with the perpendicular bisector The distance to |z – 4| must be less than the
between (4,0) and (6,0) as this is the distance to |z – 6|
‘limit’
 Shade the region closest to (4,0)
3G

This is very similar to what you have 𝝅

been doing with loci 𝟒
(2,2)
required

indicated by:
𝜋
0 ≤ 𝑎𝑟𝑔 𝑧 − 2 − 2𝑖 ≤ The argument must be between these two values
4
 Start by drawing the limits of the  Shade the region between the two arguments
argument from the point (2,2)
3G

This is very similar to what you have


required

indicated by:
𝑧 − 4 − 2𝑖 ≤ 2
Imagine all the regions were on the same diagram
𝑧−4 < 𝑧−6
 The region we want will have to satisfy all of
and these at the same time!
𝜋
0 ≤ 𝑎𝑟𝑔 𝑧 − 2 − 2𝑖 ≤
4
3G
y
The z-plane
You can apply transformations that
map points on the z-plane to points on (uses x and y)
the w-plane by applying a formula
relating to z = x + iy to w = u + iv
x
Effectively we take a set of points in

the complex plane, transform them all
and map them on a new complex plane
Transformation
from one plane
v
 You will need to use Algebraic to the next!
methods a lot for this as visualising the The w-plane
transformations can be very difficult! (uses u and v)
3H
y v
map points on the z-plane to points on
relating to z = x + iy to w = u + iv x u
The z-plane The w-plane

The point P represents the complex
number z on an Argand diagram where
|z| = 2. Circle centre Circle centre (-2,4),
(0,0), radius 2 radius 2
T1 represents a transformation from the

z plane, where z = x + iy, to the w-plane  To start with, make z the subject
where w = u + iv.
𝑤 = 𝑧 − 2 + 4𝑖
Add 2, subtract 4i
Describe the locus of P under the
transformation T1, when T1 is given by: 𝑧 = 𝑤 + 2 − 4𝑖
The modulus of each
side must be the same
𝑇1 : 𝑤 = 𝑧 − 2 + 4𝑖 𝑧 = 𝑤 + 2 − 4𝑖
We know |z| from
 We will work out the new set of the question
points algebraically… 2 = 𝑤 + 2 − 4𝑖
Circle, centre (-2,4), radius 2

3H
The z-plane y The w-plane v

|z| = 2. Circle centre Circle centre (0,0),
T2 represents a transformation from

the z plane, where z = x + iy, to the w-  To start with, make z the subject
plane where w = u + iv.
𝑤 = 3𝑧
𝑤 Divide by 3
Describe the locus of P under the =𝑧
transformation T2, when T2 is given by: 3 Modulus of
𝑤 both sides
𝑇2 : 𝑤 = 3𝑧 = 𝑧
3 |z|= 2 𝑧1 𝑧1
Split the modulus up =
 We will work out the new set of 𝑤 𝑧2 𝑧2
=2
points algebraically… 3
|3|=3 so multiply by 3
𝑤 =6
3H

|z| = 2. Circle centre Circle centre (0,1),
 To start with, make z the subject
T2 represents a transformation from
the z plane, where z = x + iy, to the w- 1 Leaving z like this can make
𝑤= 𝑧+𝑖 the problem easier! (rather
plane where w = u + iv. 2
Subtract i than rearranging
1 completely)
𝑤−𝑖 = 𝑧
Describe the locus of P under the 2
Modulus of both sides
transformation T3, when T3 is given by: 1
𝑤−𝑖 = 𝑧
1 2 You can split the
𝑇3 : 𝑤 = 𝑧 + 𝑖 modulus on the right 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 𝑧2
1
2 𝑤−𝑖 = 𝑧
 We will work out the new set of 2
|z| = 2
points algebraically… 𝑤−𝑖 =
1
2
2
Simplify the right side
𝑤−𝑖 =1
3H
x u
For the transformation w = z2, where

z = x + iy and w = u + iv, find the locus of
w when z lies on a circle with equation
Circle centre Circle centre (0,0),
x2 + y2 = 16
 It is very important for this topic

that you draw information on z or 𝑤 = 𝑧2
|z| from the question Modulus of both sides
𝑤 = 𝑧2
 The equation x2 + y2 = 16 is a circle, Split the modulus up
centre (0,0) and radius 4 𝑤 = 𝑧 𝑧
Replace |z| with 4
 Therefore |z| = 4 𝑤 =4×4
Calculate
𝑤 = 16
 We now proceed as before, by
writing the equation linking w and z
in such a way that |z| can be Circle, centre (0,0) and radius 16
replaced
3H
5𝑖𝑧 + 𝑖
𝑤=
You can apply transformations that 𝑧+1
map points on the z-plane to points on Multiply by (z + 1)
the w-plane by applying a formula 𝑤(𝑧 + 1) = 5𝑖𝑧 + 𝑖
relating to z = x + iy to w = u + iv Expand the bracket
𝑤𝑧 + 𝑤 = 5𝑖𝑧 + 𝑖
Subtract 5iz and
The transformation T from the z-plane, subtract w
where z = x + iy, to the w-plane, where 𝑤𝑧 − 5𝑖𝑧 = 𝑖 − 𝑤
w = u + iv, is given by: Factorise the left side
5𝑖𝑧 + 𝑖 𝑧(𝑤 − 5𝑖) = 𝑖 − 𝑤

𝑤=
𝑧+1 Divide by (w – 5i)
𝑖−𝑤
𝑧=
Show that the image, under T, of the 𝑤 − 5𝑖
Modulus of both sides
circle |z| = 1 in the z-plane, is a line l in
𝑖−𝑤
the w-plane. Sketch l on an Argand 𝑧 =
diagram. 𝑤 − 5𝑖
|z| = 1
𝑖−𝑤
1=
 Make z the subject! 𝑤 − 5𝑖
Multiply by |w – 5i|
𝑤 − 5𝑖 = 𝑖 − 𝑤
 Now eliminate z using what we
|i - w| = |w – i|
know… 𝑤 − 5𝑖 = 𝑤 − 𝑖
3H
Transformation T
You can apply transformations that 𝑧 =1 𝑤 − 5𝑖 = 𝑤 − 𝑖
map points on the z-plane to points on Circle centre Perpendicular bisector
the w-plane by applying a formula (0,0), radius 1 between (0,1) and (0,5)
relating to z = x + iy to w = u + iv  The line v = 3
The transformation T from the z-plane, y The w-plane

The z-plane v
where z = x + iy, to the w-plane, where
w = u + iv, is given by:
5𝑖𝑧 + 𝑖
𝑤= x u
𝑧+1
Show that the image, under T, of the
circle |z| = 1 in the z-plane, is a line l in
the w-plane. Sketch l on an Argand
diagram.
So a circle can be transformed into a
straight line!
3H
3𝑧 − 2
You can apply transformations that 𝑤=
𝑧+1
map points on the z-plane to points on Multiply by (z + 1)
the w-plane by applying a formula 𝑤 𝑧 + 1 = 3𝑧 − 2
𝑤𝑧 + 𝑤 = 3𝑧 − 2
Subtract wz and add 2
The transformation T from the z-plane, 𝑤 + 2 = 3𝑧 − 𝑤𝑧
where z = x + iy, to the w-plane, where Factorise the right side
w = u + iv, is given by: 𝑤 + 2 = 𝑧(3 − 𝑤)
3𝑧 − 2 Divide by (3 – w)
𝑤+2
𝑤= =𝑧
𝑧+1 3−𝑤
Modulus of each side
Show that the image, under T, of the 𝑤+2
= 𝑧
circle with equation x2 + y2 = 4 in the 3−𝑤 Split up the modulus
z-plane, is a different circle C in the 𝑤+2 |z| = 2
w-plane. =2
3−𝑤
Multiply by |3 - w|
State the centre and radius of C. 𝑤+2 =2 3−𝑤
|3 - w| = |w - 3|
 Remember that x2 + y2 = 4 is the same 𝑤+2 =2 𝑤−3
as |z| = 2
We now need to find what the equation of this will be!
3H
We will find the equation as we did in the early part of section 3F!

𝑤+2 =2 𝑤−3
You can apply transformations that Replace w with ‘u + iv’
map points on the z-plane to points on 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 + 2 = 2 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 − 3
the w-plane by applying a formula Group real/imaginary
terms
relating to z = x + iy to w = u + iv 𝑢 + 2 + 𝑖𝑣 = 2 (𝑢 − 3) + 𝑖𝑣
Remove the modulus
The transformation T from the z-plane, 𝑢+2 2 2
+𝑣 = 4 𝑢−3 2
+𝑣 2
where z = x + iy, to the w-plane, where Expand brackets
w = u + iv, is given by: 𝑢2 + 4𝑢 + 4 + 𝑣 2 = 4 𝑢2 − 6𝑢 + 9 + 𝑣 2
Expand more
3𝑧 − 2 brackets!
𝑤= 𝑢2 + 4𝑢 + 4 + 𝑣 2 = 4𝑢2 − 24𝑢 + 36 + 4𝑣 2
𝑧+1 Move all to
one side
0 = 3𝑢2 − 28𝑢 + 3𝑣 2 + 32
circle with equation x2 + y2 = 4 in the 28 32 Divide by 3
z-plane, is a different circle C in the 0 = 𝑢2 − 𝑢 + 𝑣2 + Use
3 3
w-plane. 2 2 completing
14 14 32 the square
0= 𝑢− − + 𝑣2 +
3 3 3 Move the
State the centre and radius of C.
2 number terms
100 14 across
= 𝑢− + 𝑣2
 Remember that x2
+ y2
= 4 is the same 9 3
as |z| = 2
Circle, centre (14/3,0), radius 10/3
3H
𝑧 =2 Transformation T 𝑤+2 =2 𝑤−3
map points on the z-plane to points on 14
2
100
2 2
the w-plane by applying a formula 𝑥 +𝑦 =4 𝑢− + 𝑣2 =
3 9
Circle centre Circle, centre (14/3,0),
The transformation T from the z-plane, (0,0), radius 2 radius 10/3
where z = x + iy, to the w-plane, where
w = u + iv, is given by:
y v
3𝑧 − 2 The z-plane The w-plane
𝑤=
𝑧+1
circle with equation x2 + y2 = 4 in the
z-plane, is a different circle C in the x u
w-plane.
State the centre and radius of C.
3H
𝑖𝑧 − 2
You can apply transformations that 𝑤=
1−𝑧
map points on the z-plane to points on Multiply by (1 – z)
the w-plane by applying a formula 𝑤 1 − 𝑧 = 𝑖𝑧 − 2
𝑤 − 𝑤𝑧 = 𝑖𝑧 − 2
Add 2, Add wz
A transformation T of the z-plane to 𝑤 + 2 = 𝑖𝑧 + 𝑤𝑧
the w-plane is given by: Factorise the right side
𝑤 + 2 = 𝑧(𝑖 + 𝑤)
𝑖𝑧 − 2 Divide by (i + w)
𝑤= 𝑤+2
1−𝑧 =𝑧
𝑖+𝑤
Write the other way round (if
Show that as z lies on the real axis in 𝑤+2 you feel it is easier!)
the z-plane, then w lies on a line l in the 𝑧=
𝑖+𝑤
w-plane. Find the equation of l and
sketch it on an Argand diagram. i+w=w+i
𝑤+2
𝑧=
𝑤+𝑖
 Start by rearranging to make z the At this point we have a problem, as we do not know anything about |z|
subject ‘as usual’  However, as z lies on the ‘real’ axis, we know that y = 0
 Replace z with ‘x + iy’
𝑤+2
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 =
𝑤+𝑖
3H
𝑤+2
You can apply transformations that 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 =
𝑤+𝑖
map points on the z-plane to points on Replace w with u + iv
the w-plane by applying a formula 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 + 2
relating to z = x + iy to w = u + iv 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 =
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 + 𝑖
Group real and imaginary terms
A transformation T of the z-plane to 𝑢 + 2 + 𝑖𝑣
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = Multiply by the
the w-plane is given by: 𝑢 + 𝑖(𝑣 + 1) denominator but with the
opposite sign (this will
𝑖𝑧 − 2 𝑢 + 2 + 𝑖𝑣 𝑢 − 𝑖(𝑣 + 1) cancel ‘i’ terms on the
𝑤= 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = × bottom
1−𝑧 𝑢 + 𝑖(𝑣 + 1) 𝑢 − 𝑖(𝑣 + 1)
Show that as z lies on the real axis in 𝑢(𝑢 + 2) − 𝑖(𝑢 + 2)(𝑣 + 1) + 𝑖𝑢𝑣 − 𝑖 2 𝑣(𝑣 + 1)
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 =
the z-plane, then w lies on a line l in the 𝑢2 − 𝑖𝑢(𝑣 + 1) + 𝑖𝑢(𝑣 + 1) − 𝑖 2 (𝑣 + 1)2 Simplify
w-plane. Find the equation of l and i2 = -1
sketch it on an Argand diagram. 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 =
𝑢(𝑢 + 2) + 𝑣(𝑣 + 1) + 𝑖𝑢𝑣 − 𝑖(𝑢 + 2)(𝑣 + 1)
𝑢2 + (𝑣 + 1)2 Separate
real and
 Now, you need to rewrite the right ‘i’ terms
𝑢 𝑢 + 2 + 𝑣(𝑣 + 1) 𝑢𝑣 − (𝑢 + 2)(𝑣 + 1)
side so you can separate all the real 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = + 𝑖
and imaginary terms 𝑢2 + 𝑣 + 1 2 𝑢2 + 𝑣 + 1 2
As z lies on the x-axis, we know y = 0
 You must be extremely careful with  Therefore, the imaginary part on the right side must
positives and negatives here! also equal 0
3H
𝑢 𝑢 + 2 + 𝑣(𝑣 + 1) 𝑢𝑣 − (𝑢 + 2)(𝑣 + 1)
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = + 𝑖
You can apply transformations that 𝑢2 + 𝑣 + 1 2 𝑢2 + 𝑣 + 1 2
the w-plane by applying a formula  Set the imaginary part equal to 0
𝑢𝑣 − (𝑢 + 2)(𝑣 + 1)
=0
A transformation T of the z-plane to 𝑢2 + 𝑣 + 1 2 Multiply by (u2 + (v + 1)2)
the w-plane is given by: (you will be left with the
𝑢𝑣 − (𝑢 + 2)(𝑣 + 1) = 0 numerator)
𝑖𝑧 − 2 Multiply out the double bracket
𝑤= 𝑢𝑣 − (𝑢𝑣 + 2𝑣 + 𝑢 + 2) = 0
1−𝑧
Subtract all these terms
Show that as z lies on the real axis in 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑢𝑣 − 2𝑣 − 𝑢 − 2 = 0
the z-plane, then w lies on a line l in the The ‘uv’ terms cancel out
w-plane. Find the equation of l and −2𝑣 − 𝑢 − 2 = 0
sketch it on an Argand diagram. Make v the subject
2𝑣 = −𝑢 − 2
 You can now find an equation for the Divide by 2
line in the w-plane 1
𝑣 =− 𝑢−1
2
So the transformation has created this line in the w-plane
(remember v is essentially ‘y’ and u is essentially ‘x’)
3H
Transformation T 1
𝑦=0 𝑣 =− 𝑢−1
map points on the z-plane to points on 2
the w-plane by applying a formula (z lies on the Straight line, gradient is
relating to z = x + iy to w = u + iv real axis) 1/ and y-intercept at
2
(0,-1)
A transformation T of the z-plane to
the w-plane is given by:
𝑖𝑧 − 2 y v
𝑤= The z-plane The w-plane
1−𝑧
Show that as z lies on the real axis in
the z-plane, then w lies on a line l in the
w-plane. Find the equation of l and
sketch it on an Argand diagram. x u
𝒚=𝟎 -2
-1
𝟏
𝒗=− 𝒖−𝟏
𝟐
3H
Summary
• You have learnt a lot in this chapter!!
• You have seen proofs of and uses of De

Moivre’s theorem
• You have found real and complex roots of

powers
• You have see how to plot Loci and perform

transformations of complex functions

3) Fp2 Further Complex Numbers

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3) Fp2 Further Complex Numbers

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Introduction

• This chapter extends on what you have learnt in FP1

• You will learn how to find the complex roots of numbers

• You will learn how to use De Moivre’s theorem in solving

• You will see how to solve problems involving transforming a set

Further complex numbers

You can express a complex number z (x,y)

The value r is the modulus of the

𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 Replace x and y using

Further complex numbers

To do this you need to find both the

Further complex numbers

Express the following complex

To do this you need to find both the

 Start by sketching it on an Argand

Further complex numbers

To do this you need to find both the

In chapter 6 you will meet series

This can be used to prove the

If z = x + iy then the complex number

As before, r is the modulus of the

 This form is known as the

You can see that cos(-θ) = cosθ anywhere on the graph

You can see that sin(-θ) = -sinθ anywhere on the graph

Express the following in the form

Express the following in the form

𝜋 𝜋 We need to adjust this first

 We also need both angles to be identical. In this

You can see You can see

Express the following in the form

To show that: 1) 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Further complex numbers

Group terms using the identities to the left

Further complex numbers

To be able to do this you need to be 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃2

 Multiply the moduli together

Further complex numbers

Further complex numbers

 Divide the moduli

Further complex numbers

Further complex numbers

Further complex numbers

Further complex numbers

Inductive – show that if true for n = k, ASSUMPTION

Further complex numbers

Further complex numbers

We then assumed the following:

Further complex numbers

Further complex numbers

Further complex numbers

This is De Moivre’s theorem in exponential form!

Further complex numbers

9𝜋 9𝜋 5  Apply cos(-θ) = cosθ and sin(-θ)

Further complex numbers

 You need to write this in one of 2 3

Further complex numbers

 Start with an argand diagram to

Further complex numbers

This involves changing expressions