Introduction To "Scada": By-Amar Prashant Eie-7Th Sem 348074006

INTRODUCTION TO
“SCADA”
BY-AMAR PRASHANT
EIE-7TH SEM
348074006.
12/07/2021 1
Introduction and Brief
History of SCADA
 SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition) has been around as long as
there have been control systems.
 The first “SCADA” systems utilized data
acquisition by means of panels of meters,

lights and strip chart recorders.
 Supervisory control was exercised by the
operator manually operating various

control knobs.
 These devices were and still are used to
do supervisory control and data

acquisition on plants, factories and power
generating facilities.
12/07/2021 2
Fundamental Principles of
Modern SCADA Systems
 SCADA refers to the combination of
telemetry and data acquisition.
 SCADA encompasses the collecting of
the information, transferring it back to

the central site, carrying out any
necessary analysis and control and
then displaying that information on a
number of operator screens or
displays. The required control actions
are then conveyed back to the
process.
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The advantages of the PLC / DCS SCADA
system are:
• The computer can record and store a

very large amount of data.
• The data can be displayed in any way
the user requires.
• Thousands of sensors over a wide area
can be connected to the system.
• The operator can incorporate real data
simulations into the system.
• Many types of data can be collected
from the RTUs.
• The data can be viewed from
anywhere, not just on site.
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The disadvantages are:
• The system is more complicated than

the sensor to panel type.
• Different operating skills are required,
such as system analysts and
programmer.
• With thousands of sensors there is
still a lot of wire to deal with.
• The operator can see only as far as
the PLC.
12/07/2021 5
SCADA Hardware
 A SCADA System consists of a number of Remote
Terminal Units (or RTUs) collecting field data and
sending that data back to a master station via a
communications system.
 The master station displays the acquired data and
also allows the operator to perform remote control

tasks.
On a more complex SCADA system there are

essentially five levels or hierarchies:
• Field level instrumentation and control devices
• Marshalling terminals and RTUs
• Communications system
• The master station(s)
• The commercial data processing department
computer system
12/07/2021 6
SCADA Software
 SCADA Software can be divided into two
types, Proprietary or Open.Companies
develop proprietary software to
communicate to their hardware.
 SCADA and Local Area Networks
 To enable all the nodes on the SCADA
network to share information, they must

be connected by some transmission
medium.
 The method of connection is known as
the network topology.

 Ethernet is the most widely used LAN
today because it is cheap and easy to

use. 12/07/2021 7
 Modem Use in SCADA Systems
 Often in SCADA systems the RTU
(Remote Terminal Unit (PLC, DCS or
IED)) is located at a remote location.
 One of the most cost-effective ways of
communicating with the RTU over long

distances can be by dialup telephone
connection.
12/07/2021 8
 System Implementation
 When first planning and designing a
SCADA system, consideration should
be given to integrating new SCADA
systems into existing communication
networks in order to avoid the
substantial cost of setting up new
infrastructure and communications
facilities.
12/07/2021 9
SCADA Systems Software
12/07/2021 1
0
 The SCADA Software Package
 Whilst performance and efficiency of the SCADA package
with the current plant is important, the package should be
easily upgradeable to handle future requirement.
 There have been two main approaches to follow in

designing the SCADA system:
• Centralized, where a single computer or mainframe

performs all
plant monitoring and all plant data is stored on one
database which
resides on this computer.
• Distributed, where the SCADA system is shared across

several small
computers (usually PCs).
12/07/2021 1
1
There are typically five tasks in any
SCADA system.
• Input/Output Task. This program is the interface between the

control
and monitoring system and the plant floor.
• Alarm Task. This manages all alarms by detecting digital alarm

points and comparing the values of analog alarm points to alarm
thresholds.
• Trends Task. The trends task collects data to be monitored over

time.
• Reports Task . Reports are produced from plant data. These reports
can be periodic, event triggered or activated by the operator.
• Display Task. This manages all data to be monitored by the

operator
and all control actions requested by the operator.
12/07/2021 1
2
Specialized SCADA
Protocols
 A Protocol controls the message format common to
all devices on a network.
 Common protocols used in radio communications
and telemetry systems include the HDLC, MPT1317

and Modbus protocols. The CSMA/CD protocol
format is also used.
 Introduction to Protocols
 The transmission of information (both directions)
between the master station and RTUs using time

division multiplexing techniques requires the use
of serial digital messages.
 These messages must be efficient, secure, flexible,
and easily implemented in hardware and software.
 Efficiency is defined as:

 Information Bits Transmitted ÷ Total Bits
Transmitted
12/07/2021 1
3
Typical Asynchronous
Message Format
12/07/2021 1
4
High Level Data Link
Control (HDLC) Protocol
 HDLC has been defined by the
International Standards Organization for
use on both multipoint and point-to-point
links. HDLC is a bit based protocol. The
two most common modes of operation of
HDLC are:
 Unbalanced Normal Response Mode (NRM):
This is used with only one primary (or

master) station initiating all transactions.
 Asynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM):
In this mode each node has equal status

and can act as either a secondary or
primary node.
12/07/2021 1
5
HDLC Frame Format
12/07/2021 1
6
The CSMA/CD Protocol
Format
 The CSMA/CD protocol is not as
comprehensive as HDLC and is
concerned with the method used to
get data on and off the physical
medium.
 HDLC and CSMA/CD can be
incorporated together for a more

complete protocol.
12/07/2021 1
7
New Technologies in SCADA
Systems
The rapid advances in communications
technology are an important driving
force in the new SCADA system.
• Rapid Improvement in LAN
Technology for Master Stations
• Man Machine Interface
• Remote Terminal Units
• Communications
12/07/2021 1
8
Considerations and benefits
of SCADA system
Typical considerations when putting a SCADA system
together are:
 Overall control requirements
• Sequence logic
• Analog loop control
• Ratio and number of analog to digital points
• Speed of control and data acquisition
 Master/Operator control stations
• Type of displays required

• Historical archiving requirements
 System consideration
• Reliability/availability
• Speed of communications/update time/system scan rates
• System redundancy
• Expansion capability
• Application software and modeling
12/07/2021 1
9
Why Scada?
Obviously a SCADA system's initial cost has to be justified.
A few typical reasons for implementing a SCADA system
are:
• Improved operation of the plant or process resulting in

savings due
to optimization of the system
• Increased productivity of the personnel
• Improved safety of the system due to better information
and
improved control
• Protection of the plant equipment
• Safeguarding the environment from a failure of the system
• Improved energy savings due to optimization of the plant
• Improved and quicker receipt of data so that clients can be
invoiced
more quickly and accurately
12/07/2021 2
0
THANK YOU!
12/07/2021 2
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INTRODUCTION TO

acquisition by means of panels of meters,

operator manually operating various

do supervisory control and data

the information, transferring it back to

• The computer can record and store a

• The system is more complicated than

also allows the operator to perform remote control

On a more complex SCADA system there are

network to share information, they must

the network topology.

today because it is cheap and easy to

communicating with the RTU over long

 There have been two main approaches to follow in

• Centralized, where a single computer or mainframe

• Distributed, where the SCADA system is shared across

• Input/Output Task. This program is the interface between the

• Alarm Task. This manages all alarms by detecting digital alarm

• Trends Task. The trends task collects data to be monitored over

• Display Task. This manages all data to be monitored by the

and telemetry systems include the HDLC, MPT1317

between the master station and RTUs using time

and easily implemented in hardware and software.

 Efficiency is defined as:

This is used with only one primary (or

In this mode each node has equal status

incorporated together for a more

• Type of displays required

• Improved operation of the plant or process resulting in

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