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    Biomedik 2 Sesi 1 - 2015

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    Fika Febriana
    - Microbiology is the study of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and helminths. - Studying microbiology allows humans to prevent food spoilage and disease, and led to aseptic techniques in medicine. - Microorganisms play important roles in ecosystems by recycling nutrients, decomposing organic waste, and producing industrial chemicals and fermented foods through biotechnology. - Normal microbiota colonize human bodies and establish symbiotic relationships, protecting against pathogens through competition and chemical inhibition.

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    Biomedik 2 Sesi 1 - 2015

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    Fika Febriana
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    - Microbiology is the study of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and helminths. - Studying microbiology allows humans to prevent food spoilage and disease, and led to aseptic techniques in medicine. - Microorganisms play important roles in ecosystems by recycling nutrients, decomposing organic waste, and producing industrial chemicals and fermented foods through biotechnology. - Normal microbiota colonize human bodies and establish symbiotic relationships, protecting against pathogens through competition and chemical inhibition.

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    Biomedik 2 Sesi 1_2015

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    - Microbiology is the study of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and helminths. - Studying microbiology allows humans to prevent food spoilage and disease, and led to aseptic techniques in medicine. - Microorganisms play important roles in ecosystems by recycling nutrients, decomposing organic waste, and producing industrial chemicals and fermented foods through biotechnology. - Normal microbiota colonize human bodies and establish symbiotic relationships, protecting against pathogens through competition and chemical inhibition.

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    21 views19 pages

    Biomedik 2 Sesi 1 - 2015

    Uploaded by

    Fika Febriana
    - Microbiology is the study of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and helminths. - Studying microbiology allows humans to prevent food spoilage and disease, and led to aseptic techniques in medicine. - Microorganisms play important roles in ecosystems by recycling nutrients, decomposing organic waste, and producing industrial chemicals and fermented foods through biotechnology. - Normal microbiota colonize human bodies and establish symbiotic relationships, protecting against pathogens through competition and chemical inhibition.

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    Departemen Kesehatan Lingkungan

    Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat


    Universitas Indonesia
    Pengertian Mikrobiologi
    Microbiology could be defined as the study of organisms too
    small to be seen with the naked eye

    Microbiology is the study of organisms that can exist as single


    cells, contain a nucleic acid genome for at least some part of
    their life cycle, and are capable of replicating that genome
    Mengapa Mempelajari Mikrobiologi?

    • Allows humans to
    – Prevent food spoilage
    – Prevent disease occurrence

    • Led to aseptic techniques to prevent


    contamination in medicine and in microbiology
    laboratories
    Yang dipelajari dalam mikrobiologi

     Virus
     Bakteri
     Jamur
     Alga
    Pengertian Parasitologi
    • Parasitology is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the
    relationship between them.
    • It is the study of a type of symbiotic relationship known as
    parasitism
    • The scope of parasitology is not determined by the
    organism or environment in question, but by their way of
    life.
    • Types of parasitism:
    • Endoparasites: parasites that live inside the body of
    the host (e.g., hookworms that live in the host gut)
    • Ectoparasites: parasites that live on the outside (e.g.,
    some mites).
    Yang dipelajari dalam parasitologi
    1. Protozoa
    a. Protozoa usus
    b. Protozoa darah dan jaringan
    c. Protozoa atrial
    2. Helminth
    a. Nematoda (cacing gilik) usus dan jaringan
    b. Trematoda (cacing daun) & Cestoda (cacing pita)
    3. Fungi (Mikologi)
    a. Mikosis Superfisialis
    b. Mikosis Sistemik
    4. Artropoda (Entomologi)
    a. Artropoda sebagai vektor dan hospes perantara
    b. Artropoda sebagai parasit dan penghasil toksin
    Naming and Classifying Microorganisms
     Linnaeus established the system of scientific nomenclature.
     Each organism has two names: the genus and specific epithet.
     Scientific Names:
     Are italicized or underlined. The genus is capitalized and
    the specific epithet is lower case.
     Are “Latinized” and used worldwide.
     May be descriptive or honor a scientist.
     Staphylococcus aureus
    ◦ Describes the clustered arrangement of the cells (staphylo-)
    and the golden color of the colonies.
     Escherichia coli
    ◦ Honors the discoverer, Theodor Eshcerich, and describes
    the bacterium’s habitat, the large intestine or colon.
     Penulisan nama genus dapat disingkat. Contoh:

    • Staphylococcus aureus and Esherichia coli are found in the


    human body. S. aureus is on skin and E. coli, in the large
    intestine.
    Peran Mikroorganisme:
    • Bacteria recycle carbon, nutrients, sulfur, and phosphorus
    that can be used by plants and animals.
    • Decompose organic waste
    • Are producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis
    • Produce industrial chemicals such as ethyl alcohol and
    acetone
    • Produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese,
    and bread
    • Produce products used in manufacturing (e.g., cellulase)
    and treatment (e.g., insulin)
    • A few are pathogenic, disease-causing
    Bioremediation
     Bacteria degrade organic
    matter in sewage.
     Bacteria degrade or
    detoxify pollutants such
    as oil and mercury
    Biological Insecticides

     Microbes that are pathogenic to insects are


    alternatives to chemical pesticides to prevent insect
    damage to agricultural crops and disease
    transmission.
    • Bacillus thuringiensis infections are fatal in many
    insects but harmless to other animals including
    humans and to plants.
    Modern Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
     Biotechnology, the use of microbes to produce foods and
    chemicals, is centuries old.
     Genetic engineering is a new technique for biotechnology.
    Through genetic engineering, bacteria and fungi can produce
    a variety of proteins including vaccines and enzymes.
     Missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced in
    gene therapy.
     Genetically modified bacteria are used to protect crops from
    insects and freezing.
    Normal microbiota

     Bacteria were once classified as plants which gave


    rise to use of the term flora for microbes.
     This term has been replaced by microbiota.
     Microbes normally present in and on the human
    body are called normal microbiota.
     Normal microbiota prevent growth of pathogens.
     Normal microbiota produce growth factors such as
    folic acid and vitamin K.
    Normal Microbiota and the Host
     Transient microbiota may be present for days, weeks, or
    months
     Normal microbiota permanently colonize the host
     Symbiosis is the relationship between normal microbiota
    and the host
    • In commensalism, one organism is benefited and the other
    is unaffected.
    • In mutualism, both organisms benefit.
    • In parasitism, one organism is benefited at the expense of
    the other.
     Some normal microbiota are opportunistic pathogens.
    Normal Microbiota and the Host

    • Locations of normal
    microbiota on and in
    the human body
    Normal Microbiota and the Host

     Microbial antagonism is competition between microbes.


     Normal microbiota protect the host by:
     occupying niches that pathogens might occupy
     producing acids
     producing bacteriocins
     Probiotics are live microbes applied to or ingested into the
    body, intended to exert a beneficial effect.
    Mikroorganisme sebagai indikator kualitas lingkungan

    Escherichia coli
     Merupakan mikrobiota normal usus manusia dan hewan
     Dijadikan sebagai indikator kualitas air bersih, air minum,
    dan makanan
     Keberadaan E. coli dalam air dan makanan menandakan
    bahwa air dan makanan tersebut terkontaminasi feses
    Alga
     Tumbuh dengan baik pada perairan yang mengandung zat-
    zat organik seperti nitrogen dan fosfor
     Pertumbuhan alga yang melimpah (blooming algae)
    menjadi tanda bahwa perairan tersebut terpolusi
    Silabus / Materi yang dibahas
    Sesi Topik Metode
    A. Pengantar Mikrobiologi dan Parasitologi Kuliah & tanya jawab
    1
    B. Penjelasan Silabus dan Pembentukan Kelompok
    2 Klasifikasi Mikroorganisme dan Parasit Kuliah & tanya jawab

    3 Virus Patogen Presentasi & diskusi

    4 Bakteri Patogen Presentasi & diskusi

    5 Bakteri Patogen & Alga Presentasi & diskusi

    6 Fungi Patogen Presentasi & diskusi

    7 Protozoa Patogen Presentasi & diskusi

    8 Protozoa Patogen & Artropoda 1 Presentasi & diskusi

    9 Artropoda 2 Presentasi & diskusi

    10 Helminth Presentasi & diskusi

    11 UAS Ujian tertulis (PG)


    12 Praktikum 1
    13 Praktikum 2
    PR / Tugas Individu
    • Tugas diserahkan pada sesi berikutnya (minggu depan)
    • Menuliskan contoh mikrobiota normal pada bagian-bagian
    tubuh manusia sesuai gambar di bawah ini

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