Fundamental Duties: - To Protect and Improve The Natural Environment

FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
• To protect and improve the natural environment

including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life, and to
have compassion for living creatures;
• To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the
spirit of inquiry and reform;
• To safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
• To strive towards excellence in all spheres of
individual and collective activity so that the nation
constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and
achievement
Justice and Faireness
There are three categories of issues involving justice:

• Distributive justice is concerned with the fair
distribution of society's benefits and burdens.
• Retributive justice refers to the just imposition of
penalties and punishments
• Compensatory justice is concerned with
compensating people for what they lose when
harmed by others.
Distributive Justice
• When people’s desires and aversions exceed the
adequacy of their resources, they are forced to
principles for allocating scarce benefits
and undesirable burdens in ways that are just
and that resolve conflicts in a fair way
• Development of such principles is the the

concern of distributive justice
Distributive Justice
• Equals should be treated equally and unequals
treated unequally.
• Individuals who are similar should be given

similar benefits and burdens
• Individuals who are dissimilar ought to be

treated dissimilarly in proportion to their
dissimilarity
Egalitarianism
• Egalitarianism hold that there are no relevant
differences among people they can justify unequal
treatment
• Egalitarianism base their view on the proposition

that all human beings are equal in some
fundamental respect and that, in virtue of this
equality, each person has an equal claim to society’s
good.
Egalitarianism
• According to the Egalitarianism, this implies
that goods should be allocated to people in
equal portions.
• Every person should be given exactly equal

shares of a society’s or a group’s benefits or
burdens
Egalitarianism - Criticisms
• There is no quality that human beings

possess in precisely the same degree.
• Human beings differ in their abilities,

intelligence, virtues, needs, desires and all
other physical and mental characteristics
Egalitarianism - Criticisms
• Ignores some characteristics which should be
taken into account while distributing goods,
both in society and small groups :
Need
Ability
and Effort
Egalitarianism
Supports two aspects
• Political equality: equal participation in and

treatment by the political system
• Economic Equality: Equality of income, wealth and

opportunity
Justice Based on Contribution: Capital Justice
• Benefits should be distributed according to the value of

the contributions the individual makes to a society, a
task, a group or exchange.
• Puritan Ethics: The view that every individual has a religious

obligation to work hard at his calling (the career to which God
summons each individual.
• Work Ethics: The view that values individual effort and believes that
hard work does and should lead to success
• Productivity: the amount a person produces
Justice Based on Needs and Abilities: Socialism
Socialist Principle: “ Work burdens should be

distributed according to people’s ability and
benefits should be distributed according to
people’s needs”
This socialist principle is based first on the idea

that people realize their human potentials by
exercising their abilities in productive work.
Socialism - Criticisms
• Breeds inefficiency and leads to a stagnating

economy
• Curtails human freedom

- Occupation according to abilities, not by
free choice
Justice as Freedom - Libertarianism
• No particular way of distributing goods can be
just or unjust apart from the free choices
individuals make
• From each as they choose to each as they are

chosen
• People should be allowed to keep everything

they make and everything they are freely given
Justice as Freedom - Libertarianism
• It would be wrong to tax one person to

provide welfare benefits for another person
Criticisms
• Freedom from coercion of others
• Will generate unjust treatment of the
disadvantaged
Retributive Justice
• Fairly blaming or punishing persons for doing
wrong
• Cannot apply
- when persons do wrong out of ignorance or
inability
-Certitude that the person ACTUALLY did wrong
- Punishment consistent with the extent of
wrong
Compensatory Justice
• Fairly restoring to a person what the person
lost when wronged by someone else.
• When one person wrongfully harms the

interests of another person the wrongdoer
has a moral duty to provide some form of
restitution to the person wronged
Compensatory Justice
Moral obligation to compensate when
• The action that inflicted the injury was wrong
or negligent
• The person’s action was the real cause of

injury
• The person inflicted the injury voluntarily

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FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES

• To protect and improve the natural environment

There are three categories of issues involving justice:

• Development of such principles is the the

• Individuals who are similar should be given

• Individuals who are dissimilar ought to be

• Egalitarianism base their view on the proposition

• Every person should be given exactly equal

• There is no quality that human beings

• Human beings differ in their abilities,

Supports two aspects

• Political equality: equal participation in and

• Economic Equality: Equality of income, wealth and

• Benefits should be distributed according to the value of

• Puritan Ethics: The view that every individual has a religious

Socialist Principle: “ Work burdens should be

This socialist principle is based first on the idea

• Breeds inefficiency and leads to a stagnating

• Curtails human freedom

• From each as they choose to each as they are

• People should be allowed to keep everything

• It would be wrong to tax one person to

• When one person wrongfully harms the

• The person’s action was the real cause of

• The person inflicted the injury voluntarily

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